Figure 37. (a) A sugar, a phosphate group, and a base make up each DNA nucleotide. (b)
Pyrimidines include cytosine and thymine. Purines include guanine and adenine.
A long polymer of nucleotide monomers is created when the phosphate group of one nucleotide forms
a covalent bond with the sugar molecule of the next nucleotide, and so on. Each single strand of DNA has a
"backbone" formed by the sugar-phosphate groups, from which the nucleotide bases protrude. The carbon
atoms of the five-carbon sugar are numbered clockwise from the oxygen as 1', 2', 3', 4', and 5' (1' is read as
“one prime”). The 5' carbon of one nucleotide and the 3' carbon of the following nucleotide are both bound by
the phosphate group. Each DNA molecule is actually made up of two single strands that are held together along
their length by hydrogen bonds between the bases in their natural state.
Watson and Crick proposed that the DNA is made up of two strands that are twisted around each other
to form a right-handed helix, called a
double helix . Between a purine and pyrimidine, base pairing occurs;
specifically, A pairs with T and G pairs with C. To put it another way, cytosine and guanine are also
complementary base pairs, as are adenine and thymine. This is the foundation of Chargaff's rule; due to their
complementarity, a DNA molecule contains an equal amount of adenine and thymine, as well as guanine and
cytosine. Adenine and thymine are connected by two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine and guanine are connected
by three hydrogen bonds. The two strands are anti-parallel in nature; that is, one strand will have the 3' carbon
of the sugar in the “upward” position, whereas the other strand will have the 5' carbon in the upward position.
Because a purine (two rings) always pairs with a pyrimidine (one ring), and because their combined lengths are
always equal, the diameter of the DNA double helix is constant throughout. (Figure 38).