Classification and ultrasound findings of vascular anomalies in pediatric age: the essential

Fig. 20
Spectral venous 
analysis. 
a
Non-pulsatile venous 
flow in infantile hemangioma; 
b
pulsatile venous flow in the 
arteriovenous malformation

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Journal of Ultrasound (2019) 22:13–25 
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Compliance with ethical standards 
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of 
interest.
Ethical approval
All procedures followed were in accordance with the 
ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimenta-
tion (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 
1975, and its later amendments.
Human and animal rights
This article does not contain any studies with 
human or animal subjects performed by any of the authors.
Informed consent
Additional informed consent was obtained from all 
the patients for which identifying information is not included in this 
article.
Table 1
Summary of association between vascular anomalies with other lesion
CM
capillary malformation, 
VM
venous malformation, 
LM
lymphatic malformation, 
AVM
arteriovenous malformation, 
M-CM
macrocephaly-
capillary malformation, 
MCAP
megalencephaly-capillary malformation-polymicrogyria, 
MICCAP
microcephaly-capillary malformation, 
CLOVES
congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformations, epidermal nevi, skeletal/scoliosis and spinal abnormalities, 
CLAPO
lower 
lip CM + face and neck LM + asymmetry and partial/generalized overgrowth
Table from Ref. [
6
]
Vascular tumors: association with other lesions
PHACE association/syndrome
Posterior fossa malformations, hemangioma, arterial anomalies, 
cardiovascular anomalies, eye anomalies, sternal clefting and/or 
supraumbilical raphe
LUMBAR (SACRAL, PELVIS) association/syndrome
Lower body hemangioma, urogenital anomalies, ulceration, myelopa-
thy, bony deformities, anorectal malformations, arterial anomalies, 
and renal anomalies
Vascular malformations: association with other lesions
Klippel–Trenaunay syndrome: CM + VM ± LM + limb overgrowth
Parkes Weber syndrome: CM + AVF + limb overgrowth
Saervelle–Martorell syndrome: limb VM + bone undergrowth
Sturge–Weber syndrome: facial + leptomeningeal CM + eye anomalies ± bone and/or soft tissue overgrowth
Limb CM + congenital non-progressive limb overgrowth
Maffucci syndrome: VM ± spindle-cell hemangioma + enchondroma
Macrocephaly-CM (M-CM/MCAP)
Microcephaly-CM (MICCAP)
CLOVES syndrome: LM + VM + CM ± AVM + lipomatous overgrowth
Proteus syndrome: CM, VM and/or LM + asymmetrical somatic overgrowth
Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba sd: AVM + VM + macrocephaly, lipomatous overgrowth
CLAPO syndrome: lower lip CM + face and neck LM + asymmetry and