I k k in c h i b o ‘lim
S H A X S
V b o b
S H A X S T O ‘G ‘R I S I D A U M U M I Y
T U S H U N C H A
S h a x s nima?
P sixologiya fanida i n s o n z o tig a xoslik, y a ’ni in d iv id
m asala si (l o t i n c h a
individ — ajralmas, alohida zo t
d c g a n
m a ’n o n i a n g l a t a d i ) s h a x s , i n d i v i d u a l l i k ( y a k k a h o l l i k )
t u s h u n c h a l a r i orqali aks e tti r il a d i . K a tta y o s h d a g i r u h i y
s o g 'l o m (e s -h u sh i jo y id a ) o d a m l a r h a m , c h a q a l o q h a m ,
n u tq i y o ‘q , o d d iy m a l a k a la r n i o ‘zlasfhtira o l m a y d i g a n aqli
za iflar h a m individ h is o b l a n a d i. Biroq b u l a r d a n b i r i n c h i -
sin ig in a shaxs d e b atash a n ' a n a tusiga kirib q o l g a n , c h u n k i
o ‘s h a z o t g i n a ijtím oiy m a v j u d o t , ijtim o iy m u n o s a b a t l a r
m a h s u l i , ijtim oiy t a r a q q i y o t n i n g faol q a t n a s h c h i s i b o l a
oladi. Individ sifatida y o ru g ' d u n y o g a kelgan o d a m i j ti m o i y
m u h i t t a ’s ir i d a k e y i n c h a l i k s h a x s g a a y l a n a d i , s h u n i n g
u c h u n bu ja r a y o n ijtim o iy -ta rix iy xususiyatga e g a d ir . llk
bolalik c h o g 'id a n o q individ m u a y y a n ijtimoiy m u n o s a b a t l a r
tizim i d o i ra s id a boMadi, b u n d a y s h a x sla ra ro m u n o s a b a t l a r
tarzi tarixiy sh ak llan g a n b o l i b , u y o s h lig id a n o q s h u t a y y o r
( a j d o d l a r y a r a t g a n ) i j t i m o i y m u n o s a b a t , m u o m a l a ,
m u l o q o t tizim i bilan t a n i s h a b o r a d i. Ijtim o iy q u r s h o v ( o ila
a ’z olari, m a h a lla ahli, j a m o a t c h i l i k , ishlab c h i q a r i s h j a -
m o a s i), ijtim oiy g u ru h i c h i d a (k is h ila r o g ‘u s h id a , u l a r n i n g
q a lb t o ‘rid a) o d a m n i n g b l i n d a n keyingi riv o jla n ish i u n í
sh a x s sifa tid a s h a k lla n is h ig a , u n i n g ongi va i r o d a s i n i n g
x ususiyatlariga m u tla q o b o g ‘liq b o l m a g a n h a r xil x u s u -
siyatli m u n o s a b a t l a r m a j m u a s i n i v u ju d g a keltiradi.
^ 7 J a h o n psixologiyasi f a n id a o n d a - s o n d a b o ‘lsa-da , a n i m o
u c h r a b tu ra d ig a n shaxsni ijtim o iy m u h i tn i n g su s t m a h s u l i
d c b tu s h u n t ir is h va u n d a fa o llik n i i n k o r etish o ‘t a b a h s l i
m a s a l a d ir . S luini a l o h i d a t a 'k i d l a s h l o z im k i, s h a x s n i n g
5 Psixologiya
65
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i j ti m o i y tajribani o ‘z l a s n ti r i s h ja ra y o n i o d a m n i n g o 'z i c h a
a m a lg a oshirayotgan faoliyatiga va uning bilan q a n d a y m aqsad
k o 'z la y o tg a n i g a n i s b a t a n m u n o s a b a t i n i aks e ttiru v c h i ruhiy
d u n y o s i orq a li n a m o y o n b o ‘ladi. O d a td a , faollik shaxsga
x o s x u lq -a tv o r, fa o liy a t, m u o m a l a m o tivlarida, y o l l- y o ‘riq-
l a r d a , a m a liy k o ln i k m a l a r i d a k o ‘zga ta s h la n a d i. B o sh q a c h a
a y t g a n d a , fa o llik s h a x s n i n g a t r o f - m u h i t d a g i v o q e l i k n i
e g a lla s h g a intilgan s a 'y - h a r a k a t l a r d a vujudga keladi. S h a x s
n i n g faolligi o ‘z istiqboli u c h u n y o ‘l-yo*riq t a n l a s h d a , uni
o 'z la s h ti r i s h d a , h a y o t d a o ‘z mavqeyi va o ‘rn in i to p i s h d a
g av d a la n a d i.
B ir xil tu rm u s h s h a r o itla r i shaxs faolligining turli shakl-
l a r i n i y aratish h a m d a h a r xil h ayotiy v a z iy a tn i v u ju d g a
k e l t i r i s h i m k o n i y a t i g a e g a . H a y o t d a b i r o n - b i r t a n b e h
b e r i s h n i n g o kzi k i m d a d i r ru h iy hisni u y g 'o ts a , b o s h q a bi-
r o v n i n g sirtiga h a m y u q m a y d i. S h u n d a y qilib „ s h a x s “ deg a n
t u s h u n c h a , o d a m g a t a ' s i r qilu v ch i b a r c h a ta s h q i q o ' z -
g 'a t u v c h i l a r ijtim oiy s h a r t- s h a r o i tl a r g a , fa o liy a tn in g ichki
t a r b i y a v i y q ism la ri ( t o m o n l a r i , j i h a t la r i , j a b h a l a r i , ta r-
k ib la ri), tuzilishi, yig*indisi bilan boyitilishi evaziga hosil
b o 'l a d i .
y S h a x s n in g e n g m u h i m xususiyatli j i h a t la r i d a n biri —
b u u n i n g individualligi, y a ’ni yakkaholligidir. Individuallik
d e g a n d a , i n s o n n in g s h a x s i y psixologik x u s u siy a tla rin in g
b e t a k r o r b i r i k m a s i t u s h u n i l a d i . In d iv id u a llik * ta r k i b i g a
x a r a k t e r , t e m p e r a m e n t , psixik ja ra y o n la r, h o la tla r, h o d i-
s a la r , h u k m r o n x u s u s i y a t l a r yig‘indisi, iro d a , fa oliyatlar
m o tiv la r i, inson m a s la g i, d u n y o q a r a s h i, iq tid o ri, h a r xrl
s h a k ld a g i reaksiyalar, qobiliy a tla ri va s h u k a b ila r kiradif
P sixik x u susiyatlar b i r i k m a s i n i a y n a n o 'x s h a s h t a r z d a aks
e t t i r u v c h i inson m a v j u d e m a s . M asa la n , y a q in o d a m d a n
ayrilg a n lig i, q a y g ‘u - a l a m , u n in g bilan birga esa h a y o td a
t i k l a b b o l m a y d i g a n , a m m o b o s h q a l a r î a ta k r o r la n u v c h i
fa z ila tla rn i m u r a k k a b v o q e lik n in g m a n g u lik k a y o ‘nalishi
b il a n iz o h la sh m u m k i n . S haxs o ‘zin in g q a d r - q i m m a t i va
n u q s o n l a r i bilan i jtim o iy t u r m u s h d a faol ishtirok qilishi,
t a ’lim va tarbiya y o r d a m i d a yuzaga kelgan o ‘zin in g kuchli va
k u c h s i z jih a tla ri b ila n y a q q o l, b e ta k r o r oliy zotdir.
O d a m ja m i y a t d a turli g u r u h l a r fa o liy a tid a q a t n a s h a r
e k a n , k o kp in c h a , u l a r d a b a r xil vazifalarni b a j a r a d i , b ir-
biriga o 'x s h a m a g a n ro lla rn i ijro e tadi. M a s a la n , o t a - o n a va
o i la n i n g „ e g o v i“ , injiq, , ,z o ‘r a v o n “ b o la o ‘z t e n g q u r l a r i
d a v r a s i d a e h t i y o t k o r o n a h a r a k a t qilib, o ‘z i n i t a m o m a n
b o s h q a c h a tu tadi. S h u n in g d c k , jid d iy , t a l a b c h a n , x i z m a t
v a q t i d a b o s h q a l a r g a q o ks h i l m a y d i g a n , s a y o h a t d a v r i d a ,
m e h n a t faoliyatida, h a s h a r v a h a m k o r l i k d a , u l f a t c h il ik d a
h a z i l k a s h va q i z i q c h i g a a y l a n i s h i m u m k i n . Y u q o r i d a
k e ltirilg a n la rd a n k o ‘rin ib tu r i b d i k i, b i t ta o d a m n i n g o ‘zi
t u rli v a z iy a t la r d a m a z m u n a n b i r - b i r i g a q a r a m a - q a r s h i
ro l l a r n i b a ja ra d i. A k s a r i y a t h o l l a r d a o d a m t u r l i - t u m a n
v az iyatlarga, sh a ro itla rg a m o s , ularga m u t a n o s i b b o ‘lgan
j i h a tla r n i , ja b h a la r n i n a m o y o n qiladi, u n in g o i l a d a , x i z m a t
vazifasida, j a m o a tc h ilik o r a s id a , sp o rt m u s o b a q a s i d a v a shu
singarilarda o kz z im m a s ig a o ig a n rollarni b i r - b i r i g a q a r a m a -
q a rs h i e m a s , balki o ‘z a ro h a m o h a n g ta r z d a o ‘y n a y d i . A n a
s h u in s o n fazilatla rin in g , xislatla rin in g , s if a t l a r in i n g bir-
biriga mosligi shaxsning yaxlitligini k o ‘rs a tu v c h i a l o m a t l a r -
d a n biri b o l i b , a y n i c h o g ‘d a u n d a g i q a r a m a - q a r s h i l i k ,
z i d d i y a t va s h a k l l a n i b u l g u r n i a g a n x u s u s i y a t l a r n i n g
k o ‘rsatkichi u n in g turli v a z iy a tla rd a b a jarila d ig a n r o lla rn in g
o ‘z a ro bir-biriga zidligi y o k i n o m u t a n o s ib li g i n i k o ‘rs a ta d i.
Inson j a m iy a tn in g turli g u ru h la r id a o ‘z z i m m a s i g a oigan
v az ifalari, rollari q a n c h a l i k r a n g - b a r a n g b o l m a s i n , t u r -
m u s h d a g i m avqeyi k o ‘p m a ' n o va k o kp q irra li x u s u s iy a tg a
eg a b o 'lis h id a n q a t 'i n a z a r , u n d a in so n s h a x sig a t o ‘la m o s
k elad ig a n h aqiqiy tav sif b e r i s h im k o n iy a ti s a q l a n i b q o la d i.
U n g a b e r ila d ig a n ta v s i f f a q a t u n in g o ky n a y d i g a n a so siy
rollari, egallagan m a v q e y i n i n g in d iv id u a llig in i n a m o y o n
qilu v ch i m otivlari bilan e m a s , balki u n i n g is h l a b c h i q a -
rishga, m o d d iy bo y lik la rn i o ‘z la s h tirish g a n i s b a t a n m u n o -
s a b a tin i o 'r g a n i s h orqali a n i q l a n a d i / 0 ‘z b e k i s t o n d a i n s o n
s h a x s i g a b e r i l a d i g a n a s o s i y t a v s i f u n i n g g u m a n i s t i k ,
m u s t a q i l , h u q u q i y j a m i y a t q u r i s h j a r a y o n i g a n i s b a t a n
h a m d a bu ijtim oiy j a r a y o n d a faol q a t n a s h i s h i k ab i m u h i m
m e z o n la rg a asoslanadi.
J a h o n p s i x o l o g i y a f a n i n i n g i l g 'o r , t a r a q q i y p a r v a r ,
g u m a n i s t i k t a d q i q o t c h i l a r i n i n g ta jrib a s i k o ‘r s a t i s h i c h a ,
s h a x s n i n g p s ix o lo g ik t u z i l i s h i , p six o lo g ik x u s u s i y a tl a r i
( x a r a k t e r x is la ti. t e m p e r a m e n t x u s u s i y a t l a r i . ir o d a v i y
s ifa tla r i, a q liy q o b iliy a tla ri, i s te 'd o d darajalari, b a r q a r o r
q iz iq is h la ri, h u k m r o n m o tiv la ri, hissiyoti va sh u kab ilar-
n i n g m a jm u a s i h a r b i r y a q q o l , a lo h i d a o d a m d a b e ta k r o r,
b a r q a r o r u t u r g ‘u n b irlik n i tashkil etadi. Bu esa, o ‘z nav-
b a t i d a , sh a x sn i p s ixologik tu zilish in in g nisbiyligi, qat'iyligi.
s te r e o tip lig i t o ‘g ‘risidagi fikrni q a t 'i y tasdiqlash im k o n in i
y a r a t a d i .
P six ik h o la tla r, h o d is a la r, hissiyot, x o h is h , o r z u , ta -
f a k k u r v a s h u k a b iia r u z lu k s iz ravishda
0
‘zgarib turishi,
i j ti m o i y g u m h l a r d a , h a y o t i y vaz iy a tla rd a o d a m o ' z z im -
m a s i g a o lg a n rollariga a l o q a d o r x u lq -a tv o rn in g o ‘zgarishi,
y o s h i u lg ‘ayib borishi h a m sh ax sn in g psixologik qiyofasi
(m illiy lik , e t n i k t a ’sir a s o sid a ) m u a y y a n d a r a j a d a b a r q a -
r o r l i k n i s a q la y d i. M a z k u r nisbiy b a r q a r o r i i k o d a m n i n g
y a s h a s h s h a r o itla r i, j i s m o n i y xu su siy atlarin in g k o 'r in is h i
b i l a n u y g ‘u n lik d a s h a k l l a n t i r u v c h i ijtimoiy m u n o s a b a t l a r
y i g ki n d i s in in g d oim iyligi b ila n uzviy b o g 'liq d ir. Biroq biz
q a y d q ilib o ‘tgan d o im iy lik nisbiy xususiyatga ega. C h u n k i ,
sh a x s n i psixik tuzilish in in g o ‘zgarishi j a h o n psixologlarining
b i r q a t o r t a d q i q o t l a r i d a o ‘r g a n i l g a n . Bu
0
‘z g a r i s h l a r
o d a m n i n g y ash a sh m u h i t i , a m a lg a o sh irad ig an fa oliya tida
n a m o y o n b o i a d i va u l a r ijtim oiy ta 'sir, tarbiya sh aro itig a
b e v o s ita a lo qadordir.
D e m a k , sh a x s n in g n i s b a ta n b a r q a r o r va o kz g a ru v c h a n
x u s u s i y a t l a r i i n s o n x i s l a t l a r i n i n g y a x l i t li g i v a o ' z a r o
b o g ‘liq ligidan tarkib t o p u v c h i n iu rak k a b birlikdan iboratdir.
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