Language in Society

9 Gender and Language Variation 
245
9.1 Gender‐based Patterns of Variation 
247
9.2 Explaining General Patterns 
251
9.3 Localized Expressions of Gender Relations 
253
9.4 Communities of Practice: Linking the Local and the Global 
255
9.5 Gender and Language Use 
258
9.5.1 The “Female Deficit” Approach 
259
9.5.2 The “Cultural Difference” Approach 
263
9.5.3 The “Dominance” Approach 
265
9.6 Investigating Gender Diversity 
267

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Contents
9.7 
Talking about Men and Women 
269
9.7.1 Generic 
he
 and 
man
 
269
9.7.2 
Family names and addresses 
270
9.7.3 
Relationships of association 
271
9.7.4 Labeling 
272
9.8 
The Question of Language Reform 
273
9.9 
Further Reading 
275
References 276
10 Dialects and Style 
281
10.1 Types of Style Shifting 
282
10.2 Attention to Speech 
286
10.2.1 The patterning of stylistic variation across social groups 
287
10.2.2 Limitations of the attention to speech approach 
291
10.3 Audience Design 
293
10.3.1 The effects of audience on speech style 
295
10.3.2 Questions concerning audience design 
298
10.4 Speaker Design Approaches 
301
10.4.1 Three approaches to style, “three waves” of quantitative
sociolinguistic study 
301
10.4.2 Studying stylistic variation from a speaker‐design
perspective 
303
10.5 Further Considerations 
306
10.6 Further Reading 
307
References 309