Language in Society

Figure 5.8
The Southern Vowel Shift 
138
Figure 5.9
The Northern California Vowel Shift 
140
Figure 5.10
Distribution of the 
cot‐caught
(
lot
vowel-
thought
vowel) merger 
141
Figure 5.11
Distribution of positive 
anymore
and 
needs
+ past participle 
142
Figure 5.12
Wave model of dialect diffusion 
144
Figure 5.13
Hierarchical or cascade model of dialect diffusion 
146

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List of Figures
Figure 5.14
Perceptual map of American English dialects, Southeastern
Michigan respondents 
149
Figure 5.15
Home sites of the nine voices played in the identification task 
151
Figure 5.16
Responses of Michigan and Indiana listeners to regional voices 
152
Figure 6.1
Third‐person singular 
‐s
absence 
169
Figure 6.2
Postvocalic 
r
‐lessness 169
Figure 7.1
Syllable‐timing, Latinos 
193
Figure 8.1
Trajectory of language change for African Americans
in Hyde County 
235
Figure 8.2
The use of vernacular African American English over
the early lifespan 
237
Figure 9.1
/
æ
/ (
trap
) raising and /
ɑ
/ (
lot
) fronting in Detroit,
by social class and sex 
249
Figure 9.2
The cross‐generational and cross‐sex patterning of
Ocracoke 
price
‐vowel backing 
250
Figure 10.1
Stylistic and social class differences in [t] for 
th
usage
in New York City English 
288