Figure 3.1 Position of the tongue in the production of the
fleece
vowel [
i
] 69
Figure 3.2 Position of the tongue in the production of the
goose
vowel [
u
] 69
Figure 3.3 Spectrogram of glided
tide as produced by a Northern
speaker (Vermont)
70
Figure 3.4 Spectrogram of unglided
tide as produced by a Southern
speaker (North Carolina)
71
Figure 3.5 A chart of American English vowels according to tongue position
71
Figure 3.6 An illustration of chain shifting in the low vowels
of American English
72
Figure 4.1 Traditional regions of
r ‐lessness and
r ‐fulness
in American English
101
Figure 4.2 Traditional view of dialect areas of the Eastern United States
109
Figure 4.3 The major dialect areas of the United States: a revised perspective 111
Figure 4.4 Summary map from the
Atlas of North American English 113
Figure 5.1 Traditional
Linguistic Atlas map of
pail and
bucket in the
Eastern United States
129
Figure 5.2 Probability map for the occurrence of
pail 130
Figure 5.3 Comparison of DARE map and conventional map
of dialect variants
131
Figure 5.4 Traditional view of dialect areas of the Eastern United States
(repeated from Figure 4.2)
133
Figure 5.5 An example of dialect layering in the Northwestern United States 134
Figure 5.6 An example of dialect layering in the West, represented
hierarchically 135
Figure 5.7 The Northern Cities Vowel Shift
137
