Author's personal copy
solutions, as well as offering the corresponding service
solutions. Owing to its permanent growth for almost 40
years, organizational structures have not always kept up
with the changing business and management requirements.
Still, in the last years, the awareness has grown to make
changes within the formal internal organization. The
perception of innovation management has also changed
to a more market-oriented one, in no small part because of
ongoing and increasing customer expectations and rapidly
changing market conditions.
3.3. Findings: case-specific characteristics
3.3.1. Corporate innovation management
In general, the company differs between a ‘trend’ and an
‘idea’: A trend identifies ‘something new’ and distinguishes
it from ‘something existing;’ an idea is a proposal for an
action, which either reacts to recent developments or
proactively utilizes them. Based on those assumptions, the
management has defined a corporate innovation manage-
ment process (see
Fig. 10
).
The main steps from idea generation to idea implemen-
tation are comparable to the stages shown by
Thom (1980)
.
The size of the company requires a division into
decentralized and centralized activities. The awareness of
different needs in particular phases can be seen in the
intuition and logic spotlight at the beginning, as well as in
the efficiency and output orientation at the end of the
process. The management control board consists of top
management representatives from all different divisions.
A main focus lies on the permanent controlling of the
whole innovation process by means of operating and
financial figures.
3.3.2. Former status of technology and marketing
The basic approach is to bring technology and market-
oriented knowledge together. The company already has
existing departments which deal with these issues. The
department of strategic technology monitoring has been
positioned as a competence center, focusing on recent
developments in all adequate and interesting technology
fields for almost 30 years.
On one hand, this department is supposed to look for
technological improvements for existing products and
services; on the other hand, it is expected that the staff
will discover technologies for potential new products.
There are certain responsibilities the employees possess
collectively (e.g., for particular products or product
groups), but in general, they are free to spend their time
on their individual area of responsibility. For instance, they
can participate in fairs, exhibitions and thematically fitting
conferences, or read newspapers and journals. Team events
and meetings also take place on a regular basis to ensure
inter-department knowledge exchange. Before that, depart-
ments did not directly interact with each other, unless one
person addressed another. However, the exchange with
other departments of the company had not been intro-
duced yet.
The main task of the strategic product management
department is to take care of the corporate product
portfolios in a centrally organized way. The general
coordination of marketing and sales activities illustrates
another duty: supporting the specific product managers
in the other departments. These employees are supposed
to conduct market research for existing products, as
well as search for new and promising markets. Inherently,
they have a sophisticated understanding of customers
and markets. Several instruments present the back-
ground for this, e.g. the product service integration,
which provides customer feedback and improvements
for all existing products and services. However, the
exchange with other departments of the company was
still poor.
The environment observation is a cross-departmental
function, especially between technology and marketing.
The target is to gain information about recent develop-
ments in various dimensions (e.g., jurisprudence, competi-
tors, the economy, etc.).
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Exploration phase
Regulated market entry
Transition
period
Half time
Management
controll board
rating
unsystematic
systematic
Efficiency and
output orientation
Intuition, analytics
logic
Idea generation
Idea acceptance
Idea implementation
(
)
l
a
r
t
n
e
c
(
)
l
a
c
o
l
(local)
Defined
end point
Controlling
Fuzzy
front-end
Fig. 10. Overview of the corporate innovation management process, end point, and management control board rating.
A. Brem, K.-I. Voigt / Technovation 29 (2009) 351–367
360
Author's personal copy
3.4. Findings: case-specific integration of market
and technology
The unique situation of the company—almost monopo-
list and strongly dependent on regulations—leads to a
phenomenon called ‘regulatory push’. A whole team of
environment observationalists continuously screen and
evaluate new laws, amendments, and political initiatives
on one hand, and on the other hand, continuously estimate
and classify future actions, laws, and (political and
legislative) changes. If these changes are of only minor
importance, required adjustments in current products and
services are directly executed (e.g., modifications in current
software applications). Impulses for radically new products
or services are transferred to the appropriate corporate
innovation process (e.g., a new law which allows tax
attorneys to found subsidiary companies). This process is
initiated by trends and ideas, which are triggered by
research, customers, law, etc. (see
Fig. 11
).
Therefore, ‘idea splitters’ are identified by means of
strategic technology and market monitoring. If this is
applicable to the company’s innovation search fields, these
splitters get a definite structure and design for further
enhancements.
Depending on the type and origin of the idea, specific
processes
are
provided.
Product
improvements,
for
example, go to the PIMO (Product Improvement Office);
product
innovations
to
the
PINO
(Product
Inno-
vation Office), etc. Consequently, people act like project
managers in order to drive an idea to an innovation
throughout the whole innovation process. The most
important success factor in this context is the sustain-
able integration of the idea contributors. The next steps
follow the internal guidelines of efficient project manage-
ment with adequate milestones, progress planning, and
controlling.
In order to gather ‘idea splitters’, employees of
the
department
of
strategic
technology
monitoring,
environment
monitoring,
and
product
management
all practice their described research, monitoring, and
management autonomously. Meetings take place on a
regular basis to discuss current topics, trends, and
opportunities. Then, in coordination with the upper
management, stakeholder workshops and scenario groups
are conducted.
3.4.1. Stakeholder workshops
So-called ‘stakeholder workshops’ have the objective of
bringing internal and external experts together. A special
focus lies on the balanced mix of know-how from the fields
of technology, market, and regulation (see
Fig. 12
).
Against a background of over 5000 employees and their
corresponding departments, it is a challenge not only to
bring the internal personnel together, but also to integrate
external parties on a regular basis.
Within this concept, a workshop is opened to other
external parties, distinguishing between experts and inter-
ested parties. Experts can be chosen from ‘friendly’
organizations and companies such as industry associations,
law specialists, economy professionals, etc., while inter-
ested parties can be either internal (like corporate planning
or field service) or external (like suppliers or distributors).
Depending on the level of abstraction, trends and ideas can
be identified and discussed. In the best case-scenario,
company-relevant and therefore, product or process-
relevant trends can be identified and retained for further
developments. The most important outcome is the deter-
mination of specific search fields, derived from the
identified trends, which are the precondition for the
following constitution of foresight groups. Detailed pro-
duct and process ideas may also result from these work-
shops. They are directly forwarded to the corporate
innovation management system (see
Figs. 1–10
).
3.4.2. Scenario groups
In order to transfer results from the stakeholder work-
shop into the company, further internal efforts are needed.
Consequently, it was decided to establish so-called
‘scenario groups,’ which consist of people from strategic
technology monitoring, environment observation, and
strategic product management. First of all, participants
from several departments are chosen, eight people at the
most. Additional external expertise is added where needed
(e.g. for actual jurisprudence knowledge). It is necessary to
hold some meetings in advance in order to structure the
meetings that usually take two days. From there, market-
ing staff, business objectives, 5-year-forecasts, and actual
environment observations are called in. The technology
monitoring also contributes edited and conditioned tech-
nology developments and precise new technologies. The
goal is now to generate scenarios for the next five to ten
ARTICLE IN PRESS
Definition of search
field and idea
generation
Idea structure and
design
Idea enhancement
with fixed
responsibilities
Trends &
ideas
Product improvements
Process suggestions
Product innovations
Product improvement process
Process innovation process
Product innovation process
Innovat
ion
Fig. 11. Overview of the corporate idea management process.
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361
Author's personal copy
years based on the trends recognized in the stakeholder
workshops. So, a target-oriented discussion is possible
because all participants have already discussed specific
search fields. The people from the technology side report
their recently identified technological potentials, while the
staff from the market and product side explains new
market needs and problems in the context of the existing
product portfolio. Employees from environment observa-
tion also bring in general trends. Depending on the search
field, explorative scenarios or accrued scenarios are
applicable. Explorative scenarios evolve into different
scenarios based on the current status quo (see
Fig. 13
).
In contrast, accrued scenarios start from more-or-less
defined pictures of the future in order to develop scenarios
on how to get there through several stages of development
(see
Fig. 14
).
Thus, dependent on the results of the stakeholder
workshop and irrespective of the kind of scenario, either
concept can be the proper instrument for strategic
innovation planning. Based on these scenarios, currently
offered products and services can be discussed. Further-
more, cases can be developed as to how these scenarios will
affect them under different conditions. Finally, ideas for
future products and services can be generated.
3.4.3. Further action
The results of the stakeholder workshops and scenario
groups are appropriately recorded and transferred into the
specific innovation process (e.g., into the product innova-
tion or product improvement process,
Fig. 6
). All trends
and ideas are extensively documented for further presenta-
tions and discussions with other employees and partners.
However, there are only limited experiences from these
introduced instruments, because the first workshop was
conducted one year before, and the first results are just
getting into action right now.
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Interested parties
Operating departments
Management
Experts
Distributors
Technology
Planning
Customers
Field service
etc.
Business
vision
Trends
Network of
experts
Ideas
Experts
Functional
relevant trend
Level of
abstraction
Functional
comprehensive
trend
Company-
relevant
trend
Market
Economy
Legislation
Competition
Technology
Security
Customer needs
R&D
etc.
Fig. 12. Concept of a stakeholder workshop.
Scenario 2
Scenario 1
Trend line
0
2
0
2
y
a
d
o
T
2015
Starting point oriented
Basis assumptions
=
Status quo/
current situation
Fig. 13. Explorative scenario planning concept (
Gausemeier et al., 1995
).
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362
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Obviously, the success of this approach depends on the
integration of the ‘right’ people experts at the ‘right’ time.
For that purpose, applications are possible, but most of the
participants are still selected (by the workshop organizer)
because they are known as ‘innovative people’. In this
respect, a more transparent and traceable process is needed
to assure a better integration of the people involved.
Moreover, there are no performance measures for the
success of the processes yet. As this is a very important part
of the innovation controlling, further action is needed in
this area to have a better argumentation basis for or
against certain initiatives. Currently, the company is
thinking about future measures, such as the amount
of ideas per team and year, or the percentage of new
products (which are less than two years old), in the entire
product portfolio.
4. Discussion and implications
As stated, technology push and market pull cannot be
declared as the right or the wrong way to sustainable
innovations. It depends on assorted variables—such as the
specific industry, the company’s history, etc.—which
strategy suits best. Some companies are still on the right
track by focusing on technology or market needs only.
However, there are several examples that a one-sided
innovation strategy does not work in the long term either.
Against the background of the case, one can see that
bringing technology and market together is not just a
matter of (inter-organizational) communication and de-
tailed definition of strategic search fields. All sides of
innovation sources are encouraged to give practical input
(e.g., the marketing contingent by setting minimum criteria
for project evaluations rather than defining general targets)
(
Becker and Lillemark, 2006
). By conducting interdisci-
plinary teams with lasting integration of internal and
external parties, the danger of unidirectional research, as
well as relying solely on market trends, can be reduced.
Moreover, the researched company invests many efforts in
the idea generation and evaluation phase, which is also
very cost-intensive. In this context, recent research
indicates that the idea quality and the idea generation
phase are important determinants of innovative capacities,
especially of large-scale firms (
Koc and Ceylan, 2007
).
Within the framework of this paper, a new innovation
management framework was introduced based on con-
siderations of recent research (e.g.,
Burgelman and
Sayles, 2004
;
Pearson, 1990
;
Pfeiffer et al., 1997
, etc.).
Summarizing the described procedures of the company, a
holistic picture of their innovation triggers can be drawn
(see
Fig. 15
).
First of all, there is certain proof that the introduced
framework is similar to the processes researched in the
case. For example, incremental and radical product
and process innovations are induced by market needs
(strategic product management staff) and new technologies
(strategic technology monitoring department), with rele-
vant problems being supported and controlled by the upper
management (corporate interest). In addition to that, the
company has well-defined innovation processes depending
on the different types of innovations.
Still, there are several points which are not included in
the model, such as the intervallic workshops for generating
relevant problems. The influence of ‘regulatory push’ is
relatively extraordinary as well.
The term ‘regulatory push’ itself comes from the area of
ecological economics, and more precisely, from eco-
innovations (
Rennings, 2000
).
1
Until now, no technology
or innovation management literature could be identified
which methodically deals with regulatory push in areas
other than ecology. ‘Regulatory push’ can be used to
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0
2
0
2
y
a
d
o
T
2015
Scenario 1
Trend line
Scenario 2
Ending point oriented
Basis assumptions
=
Precise pictures of
the future
Fig. 14. Accrued scenario planning concept (
Gausemeier et al., 1995
).
1
Whereas Renning uses the term ‘regulatory push/pull’ only in context
with ecological innovation.
A. Brem, K.-I. Voigt / Technovation 29 (2009) 351–367
363
Author's personal copy
summarize existing law, expected regulation, standards,
political decisions, etc. The origin is not surprising, as
ecologically generated innovations are strongly dependent
on environmental regulations (for instance, the aforesaid
example of the chemical industry in the last century). The
regulatory push framework is complemented by other
industry, company, economy, and culturally specific
features, as these characteristics are leading to different
starting conditions in terms of their innovation activities.
Moreover, these features can explain the different intensity
of the determinants and effects of innovations (
Rehfeld
et al., 2007
). In this case, the regulatory push influences
the relevant problems indirectly through market needs
(e.g., customers say they need a new tool because of a
certain new law), and directly, (e.g., through opportunities
for new business models or even business units).
Finally, the question remains as to why previous
research did not include a factor like regulatory push.
One reason could be the fact that earlier research was done
in areas where there were no regulations (e.g., computer
industry, desktop applications) or that the regulations were
stable and implicit.
The changes introduced in the case are obviously
relevant for all companies, but in a special context in this
case study, it is because their product and service portfolio
is predominantly based on the consequences of legal issues.
Therefore, the regulatory push impulses are elementary,
affecting the incremental product and service improve-
ments, as well as new product development. In terms of
market pull and technology push, these stimuli can be seen
as main influencing factors of new or changing market
needs. So, the external political and legal influences are
playing an especially important role for relevant problems
and changing market needs in the future. Furthermore,
relevant problems can be directly triggered by technology
push, market pull, and/or corporate interest, as well as a
combination of all these aspects together via workshops,
scenario groups, etc.
Fig. 16
shows the integration of the insights from the
case into the adopted framework.
Right now, it cannot be proven that this extended
framework is valid for all branches or companies, but it
may give some impulses for further research. It is at least
applicable for the German software industry, especially in
the context of companies in the environment of legal and
regulatory issues, as their specific requirements are
accordingly integrated. Whether this is a certain German
phenomenon or not needs to be researched in future
studies. Finally, a generalization of the model depends on
the results of future research in this area.
Moreover, there is a great deal of research done in the
area of case-specific management systems within the
literature focusing on innovation management. Still, there
has not been any comprehensive theory developed yet of
how to organize corporate innovation on an abstract level,
combining the various research results.
Hence, a draft of an advanced idea tunnel as a front end
innovation model based on the case study will be
introduced (see
Fig. 17
).
Based on the idea tunnel, several elements were
added (e.g., a pool for saving ideas). This is necessary in
order not to loose deferred ideas, which are not appro-
priate to the current corporate strategy guidelines.
Moreover, the front end is well-defined as the phase
of idea collection and idea creation, enhanced by the
level of creativity and the innovation culture of the
corporation. Another important aspect concerns rejected
ideas. A detailed and comprehensive feedback is crucial
in two areas: firstly, regarding the willingness of the
involved person for future input, and secondly, concerning
the willingness of other people facing the internal and
external effects of a disappointed and unsatisfied idea
contributor.
Moreover, it is important to guarantee a permanent
input of market and technology expertise, and not only
within the idea generation stage. Finally, this approach is
in contrast to many others not solely aligned to product
innovation, but all kinds of innovative ideas. Still, it is
fundamental that there is a given process flow for each kind
of innovation (
Voigt and Brem, 2006
).
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