particular groups of people
g) large animals hunted for sport and food
(phrase)
h) a division in the grouping of animals and plants
i) earth and rocks carried along, by water or
wind, and then deposited somewhere
j) a small-scale copy of something
k) control, direct or manage
I) too much attention to government rules and
regulations; pointless and frustrating
bureaucracy
(phrase)
m) exhausting
n) giving valuable experience; worthwhile
358 • ELS
E XE R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the author, Sereno's "luck" was actually a result of his
A)
ability to speak fluent French
B) bribing a Chinese government official
C) position on the staff at the university
D) working in isolated and inhospitable places
E) knowledge of hunting large wild animals
2. We understand from the passage that the Mongolian official
A)
thought that Sereno would hunt large animals in the desert
B) helped Sereno to get to the desert and dig for bones
C) knew everything important about the Gobi desert
D) actually knew that Sereno was a famous paleontologist
E) was impressed by Sereno's scientific discoveries
3. According to the information in the passage, the earliest known dinosaur Sereno found
A)
was a huge type of bird
B) was similar to a Tyrannosaurus Rex but much smaller
C) was hunted by early big game hunters
D) lived exactly 225 million years ago
E) lived in the area where Niger and Morocco are located today
E XE R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
James has built his daughter a doll's house. It even has a/an
ironing
board and iron.
2. The police inspectors are trying to
the clues from the murder, hoping
that they will lead to the killer.
3. A traditional emphasis on hard work and the
to undertake the most
menial jobs to get ahead are perhaps the most obvious characteristics of the more recent
immigrants to the USA.
4.
Fatima is from Afghanistan and was admitted into Germany under the
for political refugees.
5. At the age of seven, he applied to an art school for children, but he was
because he was too young.
ELS • 359
EX E R C IS E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
exist or function successfully and strongly
b) excellent; impressive; magnificent
c) be the most noticeable feature in an area
d) be limited or restricted to
e) remains of a building which has been
destroyed, damaged or has fallen down
f) sudden; without warning
g) remove by force; defeat
h) action of entering a place by force
i) group of ships organized to do something
together
j) complete; undamaged
360
•
ELS
THE END OF THE MINOAN CIVILIZATION
For over 500 years, beginning in 2000 BC, there flourished on the island of
Crete in the eastern Mediterranean one of the most splendid civilizations of the
ancient world: the Minoan civilization. Its capital was Knossos, a city dominated by
the palace of Minos the king. All over the eastern half of Crete there were cities,
each with its own palace, and the population of the island must have been at least a
quarter of a million. Minoan power and influence, however, were not confined to
Crete alone, for the Minoans, by means of their ships, ruled the surrounding seas,
set up colonies on the Aegean islands to the north, and established trade links with
other peoples on the mainlands of Anatolia and Greece as well as with the Pharaohs
of Egypt. Minoan objects and cultural influence have been found as far away as the
ruins of Mycenae in Greece. But suddenly, sometime between 1500 and 1400 BC,
the Minoan civilization came to an end, and was forgotten by the world for over
3,000 years. In the early years of this century, however, archaeologists discovered
the remains of the Minoan civilization and evidence of its abrupt end. They thought
that the Minoans had been overthrown by the invasion of a powerful enemy, the
Mycenaeans from mainland Greece, but they could not explain why the Minoans,
with their large fleet, should be taken by surprise before they could protect their
cities, around which there were no signs of defensive walls; nor could they explain
why the invaders left the capital, Knossos, intact, yet destroyed all the other cities.
E X E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It seems that the early archaeologists
A)
had been investigating the Minoan civilization for many years prior to their discovery
B) first traced the Minoan civilization through objects found in Greece, Egypt and Anatolia
C) were unable to prove their theory as to how the Minoan civilization disappeared
D) did not find the other Minoan cities as interesting as Knossos
E) had no idea that the ruins they found had once been part of the Minoan civilization
2. The odd point about the archaeologists' theory was that
A)
all archaeologists since have disagreed with it
B) the Minoan cities had obviously been well-protected against invasion
C) there was no information found to show that the Mycenaeans had invaded the Minoan
civilization
D) the Minoans and the Mycenaeans had previously had good trade links
E) despite the destruction of all the other cities, the capital was untouched
3. It is stated in the passage that
A)
the Minoans had the strongest fleet of the time
B) the Mycenaeans were constantly at war with the Minoans
C) each Minoan city had its own independent ruler
D) Minoan influence spread beyond Crete
E) the western half of Crete was the main part of the Minoan kingdom
E X E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE
1.
1.
The
of the ancient city of Troy were discovered by Heinrich
Schliemann in 1870.
2. The flowers we planted last spring have really
in this good weather.
3.
Fortunately the epidemic
the town and didn't spread into the
surrounding area.
4. We had a
holiday and thoroughly enjoyed every second.
5. There was panic among the people when they heard that the army had
the government.
ELS
3 6 1
ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM
Studies have shown that not all individuals are equally exposed to pollution. For
example, worldwide toxic waste sites are more prevalent in poorer communities. In the
United States, the single most important factor in predicting the location of such sites is
the ethnic composition of a neighborhood. Three of the five largest commercial
hazardous waste landfills in America are in predominantly Black or Hispanic
neighborhoods, and three out of every five Black or Hispanic Americans live in the
vicinity of an uncontrolled toxic waste site. The wealth of a community is not nearly as
good a predictor of hazardous waste locations as the ethnic background of the residents,
suggesting that the selection of sites for hazardous waste disposal involves racism.
Environmental racism takes international forms as well. American corporations often
continue to produce dangerous, US-banned chemicals and ship them to developing
countries. In addition, the developed world has shipped large amounts of toxic waste to
developing countries for unsafe disposal. For instance, experts estimate that 50 to 80
percent of electronic waste produced in the United States, including computer parts, is
shipped to waste sites in developing countries such as China and India. At a waste site
in Giuyu, China, laborers with no protective clothing regularly burn plastics and circuit
boards from old computers. They pour acid on electronic parts to extract silver and gold,
and they smash cathode-ray tubes from computer monitors to remove lead. These
activities so pollute the groundwater beneath the site that drinking water must be brought
to the area by trucks from a town 29 km away.
EX E R CI S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
be put in a situation in which something might
harm you
b) the poisonous trash (usu. of factories)
(phrase)
c) widely or commonly occurring
d) dangerous to people's health or safety
e) a place where large amounts of waste material
are disposed of by burying them in a very large
and deep hole
f) in a more noticeable way than other things of
the same kind
g) in the nearby area
(phrase)
h) a person's social heritage, previous experience,
and training; the kind of family that a person
comes from
i) the act of getting rid of something
j) not allowed to be used; forbidden
k) send goods somewhere by sea or by some
other means of transport
I) make a liquid or other substance flow steadily
out of a container by holding the container at
an angle
m) separate a material from another substance
n) break into many pieces by hitting, often by
hitting repeatedly
o) under
36 1
ELS
E X ER C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The author of the passage seems to believe that the first consideration in the selection
of a place for toxic waste disposal is
A)
the economic conditions of the residents
B) the ethnic roots of the people living in the area
C) the distance of the site from the sources of the waste
D) the soil composition of the chosen area
E) the availability of easy transport to the area
2. The author points out that chemicals not allowed in the US
A)
are no longer produced there
B) are not really unsafe
C) are safely handled by employees in other countries
D) are quite easy to dispose of safely
E) are exported to less developed countries
3. It is clear from the passage that at one waste site in China
A)
the majority of the workers are of Black or Hispanic origin
B) a greater part of the waste is recycled
C) the waste is buried deep in the soil
D) the underground water has become too contaminated to drink
E) the workers are extreemly greedy
E X E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The workers at the motor parts factory, who
to asbestos dust, are not
provided with sufficient safety equipment.
2. The sale of stolen garden machinery and bicycles is so
at second-
hand markets that the police have suggested closing these markets down.
3. Your hotel is ideally situated for you, as there are several art galleries
4. Charles makes small garden ornaments by
clay into plastic moulds,
and then he sells them by the side of the road.
5.
In 480 BC, the Persians burned or
everything on the Acropolis in
Athens and killed its defenders, but within 13 years, the ruins had been cleared away and the
walls had been rebuilt.
ELS • 363
MINIATURE ADULTS
Perhaps the best description of the children who attended schools in the 18th
and 19th centuries is by the English novelist Charles Dickens: pale and worn-out
faces, lank and bony figures, children with the expressions of old men.... There was
childhood with the light of its eyes quenched, its beauty gone, and its helplessness
alone remaining.
It is no wonder then that Johann Heinrich Pestaiozzi's (1746-1827) school at
Yverdon, Switzerland, created international attention and attracted thousands of
European and American visitors from educational circles. What they saw was a
school for children - for real children, not miniature adults. They saw physically
active children running, jumping and playing. They saw small children learning the
names of numbers by counting real objects and preparing to learn reading by
playing with letter blocks. They saw older children engaged in object lessons -
progressing in their study of geography from observing the area around the school,
measuring it, making their own relief maps of it, and finally seeing a professionally
executed map of it.
This was the school and these were the methods developed by Pestalozzi in
accordance with his belief that the goal of education should be the natural
development of the individual child, and that educators should focus on the
development of the child rather than on memorization of subject matter that he was
unable to understand. Pestaiozzi's school also mirrored the idea that learning begins
with firsthand observation of an object and moves gradually toward the remote and
abstract realm of words and ideas. The teacher's job was to guide, not distort, the
natural growth of the child by selecting his experiences and then directing those
experiences toward the realm of ideas.
EX E R CI S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
lacking brightness of colour; whitish
b) thoroughly tired; exhausted
c) thin and lacking flesh
d) with emotion or brightness taken away
e) be occupied with; be busy with
f) take the dimensions, quantity or capacity, etc.,
of something
g) a diagram showing the height and unevenness
of the land surface of an area
(two words)
h) be carried out, completed or performed
i) showing agreement with
(phrase)
j) reflect; show a true picture of
k) direct; directly from the original source
I) far distant in space or in time
m) existing only in the mind; not concrete
n) field of interest, study
o) spoil by altering the natural development of
something
364 • ELS
E X E R CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. From the details in the passage, Pestalozzi's teaching method could be described as
A)
a teacher-centred approach
B)
concentrating on memorization of facts
C) typical of those described by Charles Dickens
D) a child-centred approach
E) typical of those in earlier European and American schools
2. According to the passage, Pestalozzi believed
A)
sporting achievement was more important than academic success
B) Charles Dickens's description of school children to be wholly inaccurate
C) children could not perform complex calculations
D) learning should advance from the practical to the theoretical
E) that school automatically destroyed the joy of childhood
3. We learn from the passage that Pestalozzi's methods
A)
left children exhausted and looking pale
B) hindered the normal development of children
C) were expensive to implement
D) were quickly adopted by American schools
E) aroused the interest of educationalists internationally
E XE RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
When walking in mountainous areas, you must carry a/an
so that you
are aware of the steepness of your chosen path.
2.
Student doctors spend one year training at a teaching hospital in order to gain
experience of how patients are treated.
3. All children at schools in the area are given Road Safety training
government guidelines.
4. As the sky darkened, the whole family
harvesting the ripe cotton,
hoping to complete their task before the storm broke out.
5. After a morning's intense training, the army recruits looked thoroughly
ELS • 3 6 5
THE REMAINS OF THE
QUEEN ANNE'S REVENGE
For more than two and a half centuries, the final resting place of one of history's
most notorious sea vessels remained a mystery. In 1718 the
Queen Anne's Revenge,
which had been the flagship of the infamous pirate Edward Teach's fleet, was sunk off
the Atlantic coast of the American colonies. Teach, known popularly as Blackbeard,
escaped from the sinking vessel along with his crew. Legend has it that they were able to
save the vast treasures they had accumulated during two years of plundering ships and
towns along the Eastern seaboard.
Although the whereabouts of the rumoured treasure remain unknown, marine
archaeologists working off the coast of North Carolina discovered what they believed to
be the sunken remains of the
Queen Anne's Revenge.
The hull of the ship apparently
settled near where it was reported to have sunk, in water little more than 6 metres deep
and less than 2 miles from the coast. The location of the ship had remained
undetermined for more than 270 years mostly because of the clutter of other ships at the
bottom of the ocean in that area. Since the time of the ship's sinking, literally hundreds of
ships had come to rest in the vicinity of the suspected resting place of the
Queen Anne's
Revenge.
The team of marine archaeologists, however, consulted a rare book from 1719
that chronicled the story of the sinking of Blackbeard's notorious ship, which ran aground
in 1718 while attempting to enter the Beaufort inlet near North Carolina. The book
provided an exact description of the location where the ship went down, and the marine
archaeologists were able to locate the ship using that information and a sophisticated
device designed to detect large amounts of metal. This device made it possible for the
archaeologists to detect the ship's numerous cannons.
In November 1996, after a decade-long process of research and underwater
searching, the team finally located the hull of a ship that seemed consistent with known
information concerning the design of the
Queen Anne's Revenge.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
well-known for something bad
(two different
words)
b) ship or large boat
c) extremely large
d) collect or gather over a period of time
e) steal using force
f) part of the country next to the sea
g) having moved downwards and now resting on
the bottom of a large body of water
h) the frame or the body of a ship
i) many things in an untidy, disorderly state
j) without exaggeration; virtually
k) finally stop after a period of moving or being in
motion
(phrase)
I) nearby area
m) write about events in the order in which they
happened
n) come from the sea onto the shore, usually
unintentionally
{phrase)
o) a narrow strip of water which goes from a sea
or lake into the land
p) advanced and complex
q) agreeing with all other parts
3 6 6
E L S
EX E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The remains of the ship described in the passage were found
A)
in 1719, after the publication of a diary of the events of 1718
B) by the famous marine biologist Edward Teach
C) on the shore of the Beaufort inlet in North Carolina
D) by marine scientists purely by chance
E) in relatively shallow waters close to the American mainland
2. From the facts given in the passage, we know that Blackbeard
A)
was a member of Queen Anne's army
B) died with his crew when the
Queen Anne's Revenge
sank off the American coast
C) escaped from the
Queen Anne's Revenge,
but had to leave all his riches on board
D) had stolen large amounts of valuable items from towns on the American coast
E) was the leader of a team of marine archaeologists
3. According to the passage, a special metal detector was used to
A)
raise the
Queen Anne's Revenge
from the water
B) locate the treasure left by Blackbeard
C) remove the wreckage of other sunken vessels
D) decipher a rare and ancient book
E) find the location of the ship's large guns
EX E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
In the North Atlantic Ocean, delicious northern lobsters are caught off the eastern
of Canada.
2.
He has no formal qualifications, but, having worked his way up from the cutting room to
international transactions, he has
a great knowledge of the diamond
business.
3. Your hotel is in the
of the United Nations building, so you should
definitely visit there.
4.
Michael and his friends spend their summers scuba diving in the Mediterranean, looking for
Portuguese ships which might hold treasure.
5. Thomas Mann kept a daily diary which
events in Nazi Germany while
he and his family lived in exile in France and Switzerland.
ELS • 367
A LONGING FOR THE PAST
The Goldman Environmental Prize is the world's largest award for grass-roots
activism and environmental achievement. The recipients - and there have been a total of
94 of them since the prize was launched in 1989 - hail from every region of the globe.
Among the profiles of the 2003 award winners is Odigha Odigha, a Nigerian forest
activist and educator. He recalls what it was like as a child to walk to school under the
canopy of the rainforest in Cross River State in southeastern Nigeria.
"You could walk several kilometres without seeing the sun's rays," he says. "You
would only hear the sounds of animals and birds, and see wonderful butterflies, and
come in close contact with nature, run around and pluck some leaves and fruits. As an
adventurous kid, I used to enjoy it so much. And, at that time, you could get into fresh
water, which was so fresh that you could drink it."
The rainforest was a paradise in the eyes of the young boy. It had vast stands of
hardwoods and was home to the world's endangered gorillas. But 40 years later, the
rainforest in Cross River State has become a much different place.
"What we have now is a vast desert encroachment coming in from the north, coming
towards the coastal area," Mr Odigha says. "The trees have gone, trees like mahogany
and ebony. It is a pathetic situation. I am not sure that we have fully come to terms with
what we are losing, what is happening to us as a country."
A century of excessive and largely unchecked logging has had devastating
consequences, says Mr. Odigha, "and today less than ten percent of Nigeria's original
rainforest survives."
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
involving the common people forming a group
or organization, and not the leaders
b) something which someone has succeeded in
doing, especially after a lot of effort
c) the person or thing that receives something
d) start a large and important activity
e) be a native of; come from
(phrase)
f) account of someone's life and work
g) remember
h) covering; branches and leaves at the top of a
forest
i) pull from the place of growth
j) unusually great in size or amount; immense
k) piece of forested land; a site
i) entry into an area not previously occupied;
invasion
m) sad, weak and hopeless
n) learn to accept something difficult or
unpleasant
(phrase)
o) beyond normal or reasonable limits in amount
or degree
p) severely damaging something or destroying it
totally
q) a result or effect
368 • ELS
E X E R CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the description in the passage, Oaigha Odigha
A)
likes mahogany and ebony better than other hardwoods
B) has rescued gorillas from becoming extinct
C) was brought up in an idyllic area
D) believes everyone has fully understood the fate of rainforests
E) used to destroy the forest by logging
2. We understand from the passage that the course Odigha Odigha followed to go to school
as a child
A)
is now closed to children
B) used to be very safe
C) has now become a desert area
D) was a long way to go for a child of his age
E) was private property, so he was trespassing
3. It is obvious from his statements that Odigha Odigha
A)
does not believe that he deserves to be awarded for what he did
B) believes that what was done to the forests can be fully reversed
C) has created a model paradise in his hometown similar to the landscape of his childhood
D) is not very hopeful about the fate of his country's forests
E) has managed to stop the logging activities in his area
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Now that Mark is the president of the union, he's lost touch with what's going on in
union activity.
2.
Perhaps the best work of Japanese writer Yasunari Kawabata, the
of
the 1968 Nobel prize for literature, are his "palm-of-the-hand stories", very very short stories
driven not by action, but by delicate changes in the emotions of the characters.
3. Mecca is visited by Muslims who
every part of the world.
4. There are several species of monkeys who live in the forest
and rarely
come down to the ground.
5. The southward
of the city into the countryside means that several
villages have been swallowed up by urban sprawl.
ELS 369
THE
ODYSSEY
Although set within the circumstances of the Trojan War, Homer's
Odyssey
is a far
different book from his
Iliad.
With the latter, the book itself as well as the archaeological
excavations supporting it makes it reasonable to infer a real historical event as
background. With the
Odyssey,
such an assumption is impossible.
The book is a tale of adventure at sea and of homecoming after a long absence.
These two themes have pervaded Western literature ever since the Homeric epic was
written, and the story may well have proved a popular one well before Greek history
began. The story could just as well have stood on its own without any relation to the
conflict of the Greeks with Troy.
The vividly fictional characteristics of the story have not prevented critics, past and
present, from seeking to place it in a specific geographic context. Hesiod, who wrote later
than Homer, believed that Odysseus and his ships sailed around in the general area of
Italy and Sicily, to the west of Ithaca. Later analysts tried to set the wanderings within the
Mediterranean Sea generally, while others suggested the Atlantic Ocean as more likely.
The ancient astronomer Eratosthenes, who lived in the 2nd century BC, regarded all
such speculations as foolish. For him, the world of Odysseus was a completely imaginary
one. Indications of this are found within the text itself. Some of the hero's wanderings
could well have been based on the even older story of Jason and his Argonauts, who
sailed east in search of the golden fleece. To sum up, in the case of the
Odyssey,
it is
quite likely that several ancient legends were woven into one continuous epic.
EXE RC IS E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
a condition which affects what happens in a
Dostları ilə paylaş: |