particular result will occur
b) successfully get; obtain
c) person who does a particular job, especially
building work
d) statement of the price to be charged for doing
a piece of work
e) private short road, or piece of hard ground,
leading from the public road to a house or
garage
f) period of inactivity in business, when there is
very little work to be done
(phrase)
g) strong, without holes or spaces, and able to
support weight
h) small pieces of coal, wood, etc., after they have
been burnt, but not to ash
i) made as level as possible by reducing the
slope (of land)
j) made so that water can flow away; able to
become dry (after rain, etc.)
k) damage, leaving lines or splits on the surface
I) repeat forcefully; say again and again to have
an effect
88 • ELS
E XE RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. A letter, according to the writer,
A)
is a better way of making contact than a phone call
B) should be relevant to the reader's situation
C) is the best way to ask a girl out
D) must have correct spelling
E) should always begin with "Dear"
2. From the statement the writer makes in the passage, we can conclude that
A)
the writer's neighbor is a builder
B) most people are only interested in themselves
C) the writer prefers writing to making direct contact
D) the writer is a teacher
E) it takes years to perfect the art of letter-writing
3. The main point of the passage is
A)
how a good letter can affect the result
B) the best way to get driveway work done professionally
C) that it's essential to compare costs when you want work done
D) the importance of good spelling in a letter
E) never to accept the first offer you receive
E X E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
I
this cup while I was doing the washing-up, but I think it's still usable.
2. We can't award the contract for building the new factory to anyone until all the
have come in.
3.
In the centre of the room, there was a huge antique table made of
oak.
4. She
the point into her children's heads that they were never, under any
circumstances, to go anywhere with a stranger.
5.
How did someone like him, with so little experience, manage to
such a
prestigious job?
ELS • 89
THE WIND'S WITH US
A strong wind had started up, whistling and moaning through the thick leaves,
and frightening Sue and Anne. CRASH! They heard a loud smashing noise as a tree
came down in a large gust. They took refuge under the gateway of a building and
were not sure what to do. Sue doubted whether they would have the strength to
cycle all the way home. But they couldn't just go on waiting there much longer. "We'd
better go then. If we can't ride our bikes we'll just have to push them. Or perhaps
we'll be able to get a lift on a truck." Sue went out, her short hair blowing in the wind.
It was impossible to speak, so she just beckoned to Anne to start out. As they
pushed their bicycles unsteadily onto the road, Sue suddenly shouted, "Hey! The
wind's with us!" Anne got onto her bicycle. There was no need to pedal - all she had
to do was hold onto the handlebars. She felt an almost unreal sense of exhilaration,
as if she were floating through the air. "The wind's with us!" Sue shouted again, her
voice filled with surprise and elation. "Even we have the wind with us sometimes, eh?"
EX E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
make a loud, high clear note or sound as
something moves quickly through the air
b) make a low sound, as if sad or in pain
c) sudden, very strong rush of wind
d) go to a place that is safe and provides shelter
and protection
(phrase)
e) entrance through a fence, outdoor wall, etc.,
where there is a structure similar to a door
f) find someone who will take you somewhere in
their car, or other vehicle for free
(phrase)
g) signal to someone by a movement of the hand
or arm
h) shakily; without complete control
i) part of a bicycle which you hold onto, used for
steering
j) strong feeling of excitement, happiness and of
being alive
k) be supported by air or water and move gently
I) great happiness and delight
90 •
ELS
EX E R CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We understand that
A)
Sue and Anne were not far from home
B) a building was damaged when the tree was blown down
C) on this particular occasion, Sue and Anne were lucky
D) the falling tree barely missed landing on Anne and Sue
E) Sue and Anne were in a forest when the wind started
2. At first, the wind
A)
blew down the tree Sue and Anne were sheltering under
B) made it impossible for Anne and Sue to hear each other
C) prevented Sue and Anne from continuing their journey
D) appeared to be with Sue and Anne
E) caused Anne and Sue to fall off their bicycles
3. From Sue's first statement - "The wind's with us!" - it's clear that
A)
Sue was much braver than Anne
B) the wind was blowing in the direction they were travelling
C) the wind wasn't as strong as they'd originally thought
D) she was trying to stop Anne from becoming too frightened
E) the wind was starting to drop as they set out
E XE RC IS E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
I looked up and saw her frantically
to me from across the road.
2. The injured dog was lying on the side of the road
softly to itself.
3. The little boy let go of his balloon and laughed happily as it
off above
the trees.
4. When the rain started to pour down, we
in an old church and stayed
there until it stopped.
5. A bullet
past his head, only narrowly missing him.
ELS • 9 1
E X E R C I S E 1: Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
the process of breaking up food in the body
b) increase; become greater
c) kept at a certain rate or level; continued
d) continuing for a long time or for longer than
expected
e) not relaxed; tense
f) without moisture; without emotion
g) inflexible; unbending; not able or not willing to
change
h) allow yourself to show or express something;
allow something to come out
(phrase)
i) prevented from being expressed; held back
j) cause to happen
k) illness, often painful and long-lasting though
seemingly not serious
I) crying
m) turning round; changing to become opposite
n) collapse; strong depression
o) period or process of change from one condition
to another
p) real; true
q) urge; feeling of having to do something
92 • ELS
WEEP FOR HEALTH
Anger, fear, or the shock of sudden sorrow brings physical changes in our
bodies. The digestion is shut down, the blood pressure is raised, the heart speeds
up, and the skin becomes cold. If maintained over a prolonged period, this
emergency status makes the body - and the personality - tight, dry and rigid. In
people who are afraid to let themselves pour forth their painful emotions, doctors find
that suppressed tears can trigger such ailments as asthma, migraine headache, and
many others. Weeping, on the other hand, comes as part of the reversal of
conditions of alarm, shock and anger. Tears do not, therefore, mark a breakdown or
low point, but a transition to warmth, hope and health. So there is a genuine wisdom
in tears. In permitting ourselves to weep instead of repressing the impulse, we help
ourselves to health.
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. From the statement in the passage, we can infer that some people
A)
regard crying as a weakness or failure
B) don't consult their doctors about certain ailments
C) find that migraine headaches cause them to weep
D) develop personality problems from ailments such as asthma
E) go to the doctor for emotional reasons more than for physical
2. According to the writer, not crying
A)
is a common characteristic of asthmatics
B) is a sign that a person is in poor health
C) causes the digestion to shut down
D) helps us to control our feelings of shock or anger
E) can bring on many unpleasant side-effects
3. In the writer's opinion
A)
people should visit their doctors in times of emotional emergency
B) we need to cry in order to recover from traumas
C) weeping can cause alarm, shock, or even anger in others
D) doctors don't do enough to help patients with emotional problems
E) crying when we feel ill is as beneficial as visiting the doctor
EX E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
When a broken bone is treated, it needs to be supported by something
while it's mending so that it cannot move out of position.
2. The demonstration, which happened almost without warning, was
by
the government's announcement that taxes are going to be increased by thirty percent.
3. I think you are wrong about her just pretending to be interested in our case. I think her
concern is
4. Ater twenty years as a teacher of indisciplined students he suffered a/an
and was unable to work again.
5.
If I went shopping every time I felt the
to buy something new, I'd be
absolutely broke in no time at all!
E LS
• 9 3
THE BENEFITS OF TECHNOLOGY
j
Science and technology are getting a bad press these days. Increasingly
scornful of the materialism of our culture, some people speak about returning to a
simpler, pre-industrial, pre-scientific day. They fail to realize that the "good old days" 1
were actually horribly bad old days of ignorance, disease, slavery, and death. They
I
fancy themselves in Athens, talking to Socrates or watching the latest play by
Sophocles but never as a slave brutalized in the Athenian silver mines. They
imagine themselves as medieval knights on armoured chargers but never as
starving peasants. They also ignore the fact that, before modern technology, the full
I
flower of art and human intellect was reserved for the few. It was the technical
advances that brought many of the marvels of mankind to even the poorest.
E X ER C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
be criticized in the media
(phrase)
b) feeling and showing that something deserves
no respect; showing contempt
c) lack of knowledge
d) system of people being owned by other people
and having to work for them
e) like the idea of; imagine
f) treated cruelly, violently, and inhumanely
g) of the period in history from AD 1000 to about
AD 1500
h) in the Middle Ages, a man - usually of noble
birth - who had a high military rank and served
the king in battle, and who is usually seen (in
pictures, etc.) riding a horse and dressed in a
protective metal suit
i) covered with protective metal wear
j) strong horse used by an army officer in battle,
especially by high-ranking warriors during the
Middle Ages
k) suffering or dying from hunger
I) person working on the land, often poor and
considered to be of low status
m) wonderful thing causing admiration and
surprise
94 • ELS
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In the writer's opinion, some people
A)
think that the "good old days" were actually very bad
B) do not have a realistic image of the past
C) marvel at the technical advances that have been made
D) are unable to cope with the speed of advances in science and technology
E) regard the Athenians as a brutal race
2. Those who have nostalgic feelings for the past
A)
usually work for the newspapers
B) are well-read in the works of Sophocles
C) would like to have lived then to help slaves and peasants
D) have not yet discovered the full flower of art and human intellect
E) criticize today's materialism
3. According to the writer, modern technology
A)
makes life too complicated and materialistic
B) means there are no longer any starving peasants
C) has benefited the rich and the poor alike
D) has pushed art and human intellect aside
E) actually developed from people such as Socrates
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Far too many people throughout the world are
by the government
under which they live.
2.
If you continue to be so
of their efforts, they are likely to give up trying
altogether.
3.
I'm sure it's his
of how to behave in such situations that makes him
seem so awkward, not bad manners.
4. The Grand Canyon is one of the
of North American scenery and
definitely shouldn't be missed on any trip to the USA.
5.
He has always
himself as a professional footballer, but he never even
played for the school team.
ELS • 95
NADIA COMANECI
One of the most popular and exciting gymnasts to compete in the Olympic
Games was the Romanian Nadia Comaneci. Fourteen-year-old Nadia burst on the
Olympic scene when she competed in 1976 in Montreal against Olga Korbut, the
great young Russian gymnast. Olga had won two gold
medals in the 1972 Olympics, and she was going to try to
repeat her victories in 1976. As Nadia watched, Olga
approached the uneven parallel bars, leaped up, caught hold of one bar,
and began her routine. She flipped, twisted, and turned. The crowd cheered,
and the judges awarded Olga a score of 9.90. It would take almost a perfect,
score of 10.00 to beat Olga. Nadia was next. She jumped and grabbed the
lower bar. She performed an incredible series of whirls and spins. She made a
dazzling dismount, and stood straight as an arrow. The crowd applauded Nadia
wildly. The judges were astonished by Nadia's performance and gave her a perfect
score of 10.00! It was the first perfect gymnastic score in the history of the Olympic
Games. Nadia won three gold medals and one silver in Montreal. Even with her
perfect scores, however, she could not be called the greatest of all women
gymnasts. That honour belongs to Larissa Latynina of the former Soviet Union,
who, in three Olympics - 1956, 1960 and 1964 - w o n nine gold, five silver, and
three bronze medals.
E X E R C IS E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) suddenly or forcefully enter an existing situation
{phrase)
b) occasion of complete success; winning
situation
c) jump from one position to another
d) performance consisting of a short, rehearsed
sequence of actions
e) turn over or perform a somersault in the air
f) turn part of your body while the rest remains
still; turn into a difficult position
g) take hold of suddenly
h) movement quickly round and round
i) very fast movement round and round a central
point
j) brilliant; impressive because of skill, quality or
beauty
k) action of getting off
9 6 •
E L S
EX E RC IS E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Until the 1976 Games in Montreal
A)
Nadia and Olga had not competed against each other
B) no gymnast had ever achieved a maximum score at the Olympics
C) gymnastics did not attract large audiences
D) Olga Korbut was the most successful woman gymnast of all time
E) the Romanian gymnasts had never won any gold medals
2. Nadia's perfect score in Montreal
A)
was a repeat of Larissa Latynina's past performances
B) did not stop Olga Korbut winning two gold medals
C) has never been achieved since
D) gave Romania its first ever gold medal
E) didn't make her the best female gymnast of all time
3. From the statement in the passage, it's clear that
A)
the minimum age for an Olympic competitor is fourteen
B) gymnastic standards were higher in 1956, 1960 and 1964 than in 1976
C) Olga Korbut was hoping to win more gold medals in 1976
D) the Russians are rarely beaten by the Romanians at the Olympic Games
E) Nadia was only better than Olga on the uneven parallel bars
EX E RC IS E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
He
into the air to catch the ball, but it was too high for him.
2.
Realizing she was late, she
her purse and ran out of the door.
3. The streets were filled with excited fans, celebrating their team's
4. As she was walking down the road in her new high-heeled shoes, she fell and
her ankle.
5. Not a sound came from the audience as they watched the dancers'
performance.
ELS • 97
THE
TITANIC
On 15 April 1912, the
Titanic
- at that time the world's
largest and most luxurious ocean liner - disappeared into the icy
depths of the North Atlantic. Some 1,500 people died - more
casualties than in any other marine disaster in peacetime
history. After striking a huge iceberg, the 46,500-ton vessel sank in
less than three hours. Lloyd's of London, the firm which had insured the
Titanic,
had
reasoned that the probability of such an event was one in a million. At 11:40 pm on
the evening of the disaster, the lookout on the
Titanic's
bridge saw an ominous
shape ahead. "Ice! Dead ahead!" he shouted. The helm was turned hard over and
the engines were reversed, but it was too late. A 300-foot gash was ripped along the
side of the
Titanic's
hull as though it were made of tin. If the lookout had not sighted
the iceberg and the helmsman not turned the wheel, the
Titanic
would probably have
struck the iceberg head-on. It is then likely that only the bow sections of the ship
would have been flooded and, though seriously crippled, she would have remained
afloat.
EX E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
deep, cold sea water
(phrase)
b) people killed or seriously hurt in an accident
c) related to or concerning the sea
d) hit
e) ship or boat, especially a large one
f) make a contract, in which a specialized
company agrees to pay the costs if there is an
accident, damage, loss, etc.
g) make a judgement based on careful thought
h) being a sign of something bad or dangerous;
threatening
i) directly in front
(phrase)
j) a lever or wheel for steering a ship
k) as far as a ship's wheel can go
(phrase)
I) (be) made to move backwards
m) a deep cut
n) the main body of a ship
o) with the front parts (hitting each other)
p) the front part of a ship
q) (of something or someone) weakened or
damaged so that it or they cannot move
properly
r) on top of the water; not sinking
9 8 •
E L S
EX E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. All of the following statements are true except that
A)
more people died at sea in this incident than ever before
B) the huge vessel did not even take as many as three hours to sink
C) Lloyd's had thought the
Titanic
was extremely unlikely to sink
D) the
Titanic
sank in the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean
E) the
Titanic
was designed as an extremely comfortable ship
2. When the lookout noticed the iceberg
A)
the ship was travelling at the highest capacity
B) he took some time to inform the helmsman of the danger
C) the helmsman were trying to put the ship into reverse gear
D) it was dangerously close to the side of the hull
E) it was already too late to prevent the strike
3. The author implies that it would probably have been better if
A)
Lloyd's of London hadn't insured the
Titanic
B) the ship had been almost completely flooded
C) the
Titanic
hadn't been so large and luxurious
D) the iceberg hadn't been seen before the accident
E) the ship had not taken more than three hours to sink
E X E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The child fell on an old piece of metal which was hidden in the grass, and got a nasty
in his knee.
2. Although it's quite expensive, I always keep the contents of my flat
against fire and theft.
3. The young girl in the wheelchair over there was
in a motorbike
accident several years ago and hasn't been able to walk ever since.
4.
There was a/an
silence when Lynne asked her boss, who was having
a hard time in business, if her job was secure, and she realized she'd better start preparing
her resume and looking for new employment.
5. Jake took the kids to the aquarium to see the fish and other
creatures.
ELS
99
F WHERE NEW PRODUCTS COME FROM
Akio Morita, the chairman of Sony Corporation in Japan, wanted a radio he
could carry with him and listen to wherever he went. From that small desire was
born the Sony Walkman, a radio small enough to be worn on a belt or carried in a
pocket. Not all product development, however, is so easy. Most of today's products,
including many of the basic necessities of food, clothing and shelter, are the result of
creative research and thinking by staff. A new product is one that is new for the
company that makes it. A hamburger, for example, is not new, but when McDonald's
introduced the Big Mac, it was a new product for that company. Decisions to make a
new product can be the result of technology and scientific discovery, but the
discovery can be either accidental or sought for. The original punch-card data-
processing machine was devised specifically for use by the Bureau of the Census.
Penicillin, by contrast, was an accidental discovery and is now one of the most
useful antibiotics. Products today are often the result of extensive market research to
learn what consumers and retailers want.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
a strong wish
b) the simplest and most important things that
everybody needs
(two words)
c) a building that protects one from bad weather
d) having the ability to produce new and original
ideas or things
e) the group of people who do the work of an
organization
f) the action of finding something for the first time
g) happening by chance, not by plan or intention
h) (be) looked for
i) a card with holes in particular positions to
represent data or information
j) relating to one area
k) covering a large area; large in amount
I) the activity of collecting and analyzing
information about what people need and want
to buy
{phrase)
m) a person who buys goods or uses services
n)
a
person who buys goods from the
manufacturer and sells to the public
100 • ELS
E XE RC IS E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In the passage, the Sony Walkman is referred to as
A)
the creation of a large marketing research team
B) an example of uncomplicated product development
C) superior to all similar devices produced afterwards
D) something produced in response to in-depth market research
E) a product invented by Akio Morita, the chairman of Sony
2. When the Big Mac was first introduced, it was
A)
the first hamburger ever to be put on the market
B) the result of technical and scientific development
C) the result of an accidental discovery at McDonald's
D) a known item but a fresh product for McDonald's
E) the first product ever produced by McDonald's
3. A new product nowadays
A)
must be something completely new to the consumer
B) is always the result of creativity and invention
C) is usually produced in response to consumer demand
D) should be manufactured in large quantities to meet the huge demand
E) is more often created or discovered by accident
E X E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Luck is a very important part of success - a/an
meeting at a party or at
a friend's house has been known to lead to a new career or even to marriage.
2.
Sarah has a fantastic apartment in downtown New York, but she's not really happy because
she's always had a/an
to live in the countryside.
3. Alex is a very interesting person to talk to because he has a/an
knowledge of the history of London - there's really very little he doesn't know about the city
and its past.
4.
Copernicus revolutionized the way people thought about the solar system with his
that the Earth and other planets revolve around the sun, and that the
Earth, in fact, was not the centre of the universe.
5.
Picasso's new and original way of painting illustrated his
genius.
ELS • 101
HOW TO TREAT FROSTBITE
Frostbite is a common injury in winter weather, particularly when low
temperatures are combined with wind. The nose, ears, fingers, toes, and chin are
the most susceptible. The involved part begins to tingle or hurt mildly and then
becomes numb. Frozen tissue usually ranges from distinctly white in light-skinned
people to ashen grey in dark-skinned people. Here are some tips to help rescue
someone with frostbite:
1. Remove the person from the cold as soon as possible.
2. Every effort should be made to protect the frozen part. If there is a chance
that the part might refreeze before reaching medical care, it may be more harmful to
thaw it and let it refreeze than to await arrival at the treatment area for thawing.
3. Rapid rewarming is essential. Do not rub the injured part as friction may
cause further damage. Use lukewarm water or use warmed blankets. Within about
30 minutes, sensation may return to the part, which may become red, swollen, and
painful.
4. When the part is warm, keep it dry and clean. If blisters appear, use sterile
dressings.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
harm or damage to the body
b) (be) joined together
c) likely to suffer from something; sensitive
d) have a slight prickly, stinging feeling
e) having no feeling
f) a mass of cells which makes up a particular
organ or part of the body
g) unfreeze
h) very important; completely necessary
i) apply pressure with a backwards-and-forwards
or circular movement of the hand
j) the force between two surfaces
k) not very hot
I) a thick covering used especially on beds to
keep one warm
m) feeling
n) bigger than usual (usually for parts of the
body)
o) a painful, watery bump under the skin
p) a covering for a cut or wound
102 • ELS
E X E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We learn from the passage that frostbite
A)
is extremely painful from the moment it sets in
B) only affects the nose, ears, fingers, toes, and chin
C) is usually only slightly painful at the beginning
D) is the most common injury in winter
E) may occur anywhere and in any weather conditions
2. According to the passage, if you encounter someone with frostbite, first of all, you
should
A)
massage the frozen body part gently
B) unfreeze the affected part immediately
C) wrap the affected part in sterile bandages
D) warm the patient as quickly as possible
E) use water as hot as the patient can bear
3. From the information given in the passage, we understand that the frozen body part
......
A)
is lost in most cases
B) loses sensation
C) becomes red
D) has a bumpy appearance
E) should be rubbed for rapid rewarming
E X ER C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Before the dentist starts working on your teeth, he gives you an injection which makes your
mouth
so that you don't feel any pain.
2.
Kathy sprained her wrist and it became so
that she couldn't wear her
watch on that wrist because the strap was too small.
3. According to one study, pet owners are less
to colds and headaches
than people who don't have animals. Scientists think this is because pets help relieve stress,
which is a major cause of illness.
4.
Parachuting is an amazing experience - the
of falling from 3000
metres above the Earth at 200 kilometres per hour is hard to describe.
5.
It is
to have a valid passport if you want to travel abroad.
ELS • 103
UNF AI RNE S S TO T H E PIG
Few animals have such economic significance to mankind yet suffer from such
a deplorable image as does the pig. As a domestic animal, it is a source of a wide
variety of meats, high-quality leather, durable bristles for many kinds of brushes, and
hundreds of medical products. At the same time, the pig is
frequently regarded as unclean and even untouchable by many
people. In spite of their reputation, pigs are neither filthy nor
stupid. Because their sweat glands are relatively ineffective in
lowering body temperature, pigs seek relief from the heat by
wallowing in mud or shallow waterholes. When provided with?
a clean environment sheltered from the sun, however, pigs
are fastidious. Furthermore, in tests of intelligence, pigs
have proved to be among the smartest of all domestic
animals - even more intelligent than dogs.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
the state of not being reasonable or justifiable
b) the state or quality of being important
c) very bad; unfortunate
d) the concept, or generalized idea, of a thing
held by the general public
e) (of animals) tame
f) that from which something comes into
existence or develops
g) lasting in spite of hard wear or frequent use
h) character - in the view of the general public
i) very dirty; disgusting
j) as compared with something else
k) try to find
I) an easing of pain, discomfort, etc.
m) roll around
n) not deep
o) place where water gathers and from which
animals drink water
p) excessively concerned about cleanliness;
overly fussy
104 • ELS
EX E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The author of the passage points out that
A)
the consumption of pork products is not very safe for health concerns
B) though dirty, the pig is not too fiKhy to be touched
C) pigs supply humans with very many types of products
D) although the meat is unsafe, pigs can be a source of leather and brushes
E) pigs are too unclean to be used in medical experiments
2. According to the facts in the passage, when pigs are provided with the right conditions,
A)
the quality of the pork meat is improved
B) pigs are still extremely dirty
C) pigs like to keep themselves clean
D) bristles obtained from them for brushes are of better quality
E) pigs can be raised commercially
3. It is emphasized in the passage that the pig's reputation as a filthy and stupid animal
A)
does not at all reflect the truth
B) is wholly justified
C) is actually a result of the stupidity and ignorance of people
D) is only right to a certain extent
E) decreases the demand for its products
E XE RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Mrs. Pollywinkle was
in her daily cleaning routine. All ornaments were
removed from the shelves and carefully dusted, individually, with her feather duster.
2. The only
she got from the pain in her back was when she rubbed a
mixture of pure lavender oil and almond oil carefully into the base of her spine. The pain
would then subside for an hour or two.
3. We have been
a replacement for the head gardener for two months
now, but all the applicants have been either too young or not experienced enough for such a
large ornamental garden.
4.
Cashmere goats are the
of the fine wool cashmere, which is used for
making expensive shawls, sweaters and cardigans.
5. The
people have of Arabs is of a people living in tents and riding
camels, but actually nearly all of them live in apartments and use cars or buses.
ELS • 1 0 5
TEA INNOVATIONS
The Louisiana Purchase* Exposition took place in St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904.
At the fair was the young Englishman Richard Blechynden, who represented the tea
interests of India and Ceylon - now Sri Lanka. It was his job to popularize tea
drinking in the United States. The weather that summer turned quite hot, and
Blechynden watched as people passed by his booth to others that were serving cold
drinks. In desperation, he filled tall glasses with ice and poured hot tea over it. Iced
tea was an immediate success. The invention of tea bags happened almost
simultaneously. Thomas Sullivan of New York City owned a tea and coffee business.
In sending samples of tea to customers, he decided it would be cheaper to sew the
tea inside small cloth bags instead of sealing it in tins. To his surprise, orders for the
tea bags poured in. Tea bags are now made of a special filter paper, and the
manufacturing and packing of them has become an industry in itself to meet the
great demand. Instant, or powdered, tea has become common on grocery shelves
along with bulk and bag teas. Instant teas offer greater convenience than ordinary
leaf tea as they are easy to prepare and leave no leaf sediment.
The treaty signed with France in 1803 by which the USA purchased a large portion of its present
territory.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) the introduction of a new idea or method
b) something that you buy
c) a large public exhibition
d) help to be generally known or liked
e) a small, temporary, roofed market stall
f) the state when you feel extremely hopeless
g) at the same time
h) a small quantity intended to show what the
whole is like
i) fasten or join by making stitches with a needle
and thread
j) close food containers to stop air getting in and
spoiling the food
k) come in great number or amount
(phrase)
I) ready for immediate use, with little or no
preparation
m) a large quantity
n) the state of being easy to use; without difficulty
o) common; accustomed
p) matter that settles on the bottom of a liquid
106 • ELS
EX E R CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage, Richard Blechynden's employment involved
A)
making tea drinking popular to those from India and Ceylon
B) informing people of the benefits of hot drinks
C) making the drinking of tea more common in America
D) teaching Americans how to make tea
E) inventing tea bags out of a special filter paper
2. It is clear from the passage that iced tea became an immediate success because
A)
Americans prefer drinking from tall glasses
B) the people were interested in tea from India and Ceylon
C) it was very easy to prepare a glass of iced tea
D) Richard Blechynden was good at persuading people to try his innovation
E) it fit with people's needs during the hot summer weather
3. We can conclude from the passage that it was through the efforts of innovative people
that, today,
A)
tea drinking has become so common and so easy
B) a lot of expositions take place all over the world
C) the tea industry is enjoying a remarkable boom
D) people are abandoning fizzy drinks in favour of tea
E) a lot of people find employment in the tea industry
EX E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
I was sure that I had bought toothpaste, but it was not among my
when I emptied the shopping bags.
2. The two trapeze performers flew through the air
and performed a
complicated acrobatic movement before both returning to the swing.
3.
In order to
his new health food shop, John Harvey handed out leaflets
on the benefits of healthy eating.
4.
The opening of the new supermarket near our home has given me the
of doing my shopping daily.
5. Jars of jam are
in the factory, which means they can remain unopened
for two years.
ELS • 107
THE FATHER OF THE AMERICAN RESTAURANT
For nearly 50 years, Lorenzo Delmonico ran the foremost and largest restaurant
in the United States. Nobody in the 19th century contributed more than he did to
make the concept of fine restaurant dining a reality in America. Delmonico, born in
Switzerland in 1813, went to New York at the age of 19 and worked with relatives in
a catering firm. He soon opened a restaurant that offered an unusually large menu,
including a great variety of European dishes never before served in the United
States. He also served American wild game as well as a selection of wines. The
success of the restaurant inspired him to open branch restaurants, including the
internationally renowned Delmonico's on the corner of Broadway and 26th Street in
New York City. His organization also operated its own farm in nearby Brooklyn and
temporarily ran a hotel. His fame as a restaurateur brought many imitators, and
between them they helped make New York City one of the primary culinary centres
in the world. He was largely responsible for making the restaurant an accepted and
popular institution.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) most important; best
b) general idea or principle
c) of very good quality
d) providing and serving food and drinks for
groups of people
e) different things of the same kind; a range of
things from which something may be chosen
f) animals, birds, and fish which are hunted for
food and for sport
(phrase)
g) encourage someone to do something
h) famous
i) not permanently; lasting only for a short time
j) a person who copies, especially one who
copies a style
k) together
(phrase)
I) related to the kitchen or cooking
m) the cause of (something)
(phrase)
108 • ELS
EX E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. One of the factors that made Delmonico's first restaurant different from other
restaurants was that
A)
a choice of free wine was provided along with the meal ordered
B) it used special serving dishes which were imported from Europe
C) the range of food on offer at the restaurant was uncommonly large
D) much of the food was freshly imported from European countries
E) it was the first American restaurant to serve European cuisine
2. It is clear from the passage that Delmonico
A)
opened a chain of restaurants which he called "Delmonico's"
B) was first involved with the catering service in Switzerland
C) created his style by imitating other famous restaurants
D) purchased most of the ingredients of the food he served from a nearby farm
E) ran a hotel on a farm not far from New York for a while
3. We learn from the passage that Delmonico
A)
went out of business when larger restaurants came into existence
B) opened the very first restaurant in New York City
C) ran a catering business with his relatives in Switzerland before he left
D) managed his organization as a family business
E) played a major role in establishing the concept of the restaurant in the USA
E X E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
When Bob and Laura arrived in Istanbul, they had only $35
Bob had
just $10, and Laura $25.
2. While working seven days a week was unpleasant, we knew we were only doing it
and that in two weeks' time, things would be back to normal.
3. Although I saw it happen, I'm not sure which car was
the accident,
because it all happened so fast.
4. The
reason for her resignation was having to work night-shift every
four days, although there were a few other reasons as well.
5. Violet's childhood in India helped to
her to write her first novel, which
was set in Delhi.
ELS
109
SOCRATES
Interested in neither money, fame, nor power, Socrates
wandered through the streets of Athens in the 5th century BC. He
wore a single rough woollen garment in all seasons and went
barefoot. Talking to whoever would listen, he asked questions,
criticized answers, and poked holes in faulty arguments. His style of
conversation has been given the name "Socratic dialogue". He was
the first of the three great teachers of ancient Greece - the other two
being Plato and Aristotle. Today, he is ranked as one of the world's
greatest moral teachers. His self-control and powers of endurance
were unmatched. In appearance he was short and fat, with a snub
nose and wide mouth. Despite his unkempt appearance, the Greeks of his day
enjoyed being with him and talking with him and were fascinated by what he had to
say. Socrates did not write any books or papers. The details of his life and doctrine
are preserved in the "Memorabilia" of the historian Xenophon and in the dialogues of
the philosopher Plato. It was chiefly through Plato and Plato's brilliant disciple
Aristotle that the influence of Socrates was passed on to succeeding generations of
philosophers.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
simple and uncomfortable
b) piece of clothing
c) not wearing anything on the feet
d) find the weak points in incorrect reasoning; find
the mistakes in reasons given to support or
disprove something
(expression)
e) (be) regarded as having a particular position on
a scale
f) the ability not to express one's own strong
feelings in an over-emotional way
g) the ability to bear pain, suffering or stress for a
long time
h) better than everybody else's; having no equals
i) short, fat (used to describe the nose)
j) untidy; ungroomed
k) extremely interested
I) a set of beliefs
m) mainly
n) a follower of a great leader or teacher
o) the effect that someone has on behaviour,
events or opinions
p) coming after; following
110 a
EL S
E XE R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Socrates
A)
wasn't at all interested in material things
B) called his conversations "Socratic dialogues"
C) wore unattractive clothes and heavy sandals
D) didn't point out others' mistakes plainly, but implicitly
E) had no influence or fame in his lifetime
2. Socrates' fellow Athenians
A)
did not know anything about his real identity
B) were fascinated by his appearance
C) mocked him because of his appearance
D) eagerly read all of his works
E) enjoyed learning about his ideas
3. After Socrates' death
A)
his doctrine was forgotten until Plato revived it
B) Xenophon preserved his autobiography
C) other philosophers ensured his continuing influence
D) it was discovered that he had kept a personal diary
E) people came to realize what a great philosopher he was
E X ER C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Steffi Graf was for many years
as number one on the women's tennis
circuit.
2.
For a long-distance runner,
is more important than speed. Some of the
races are so long that if they don't have the stamina, they'll never succeed.
3.
I got caught in the rain on my way to the interview, so by the time I arrived, I felt rather
and unfortunately, I didn't even have time to comb my hair before I
went in.
4.
Rocky Marciano was the greatest boxer of his time. His ability as a fighter was
- he was never beaten in the ring.
5. Mark took the children to the aquarium and they were so
by the fish
and other underwater life that it was difficult to get them to leave.
ELS a i n
I
POSSESSING A MATHEMATICAL MIND
Several old jokes common amongst the scientific disciplines illustrate the
difference between the mathematical mind and that of other disciplines. One goes as
follows:
An engineer, a physicist and a mathematician are all staying at a hotel one night
when a fire breaks out. The engineer wakes up and smells the smoke; he quickly
grabs a garbage pail to use as a bucket, fills it with water from the bathroom, and
puts out the fire in his room. He then refills the pail and douses everything
flammable in the room with water. He then goes back to sleep. The physicist wakes
up, smells the smoke, jumps out of bed. He picks up a pad and pencil and makes
some calculations, glancing frequently at the flames. He then measures exactly 15.6
liters of water into the garbage pail, and throws it on the flames, which are
extinguished. Smiling, he returns to sleep. Finally the mathematician wakes up. He
too grabs a pad and begins fervently writing, glancing at the flames, and then writing
more. After a while, he gets a satisfied look on his face; entering the bathroom, he
produces a match, lights it, and then extinguishes it with a bit of running water. "Aha!
A solution exists," he murmurs, and goes back to sleep.
EX E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) a branch of knowledge, e.g. physics,
anthropology, etc.
b) make a point clear by using examples or
stories
c) pick up or take something roughly
d) stop a burning fire by throwing water over it
e) able to catch fire easily
f) a number of pieces of paper fixed together
along one side, so that a piece can be torn off
once it has been used
g) something worked out mathematically
h) take a brief look at something
i) strongly and enthusiastically
j) pleased about getting what you wanted
k) speak softly or indistinctly
112 • ELS
E X E RC IS E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The passage seeks to show
A)
how brave engineers are when faced with dangerous situations
B) how many liters of water are required to extinguish the average hotel fire
C) that mathematicians are not as practical as other professionals
D) that mathematicians, engineers, and physicists react in the same way in emergencies
E) that mathematics is of no use in practical situations
2. We can conclude from the passage that
A)
engineers move from the practical to the theoretical
B) this incident happened before the invention of fire extinguishers
C) mathematicians are more intelligent than engineers or physicists
D) physics forms the basis of some other disciplines
E) engineering is the most practical of the disciplines mentioned
3. The author of the passage illustrates that the mathematician
A)
died in the fire which the story refers to
B) was contented just to know that the fire could be extinguished
C) was much cleverer than the engineer or the physicist
D) wasn't woken up by the fire in the hotel he was staying in
E) measured the amount of water required more accurately than the physicist
E X E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Public relations used to form part of general business subjects or marketing and has only
recently been offered by universities as a separate
2. The police officer used a secretly filmed video to
how aware drug
dealers are of surveillance and how they check they are not being watched before making
their illegal transactions. Of course, they didn't spot the hidden camera on this occasion.
3.
Most old soft furniture is highly
while modern furniture is required by
law to be fire retardant.
4. The journalist carries a computer and an electronic diary with her on her travels, but still
prefers to use a
and pencil for taking notes.
5.
People with "perfectionist" personalities are never
that anything is
done well enough.
ELS • 113
SHORT STORIES
Ours is the great generation of the short story. The growth of the newspaper, the
development of the magazine, the universality of popular education with its increase
in human curiosity - most of all, the increasing pace of modern life, its speed of
living and competitive pressure - gave this literary type its greatest encouragement.
Here is the people's literature, and the most democratic of all forms of writing
because it offers a means for the use of every conceivable sort of plot, character or
background. It's just the right length in a world of tumult and hurry; it is a form that
presents things concisely and graphically, and it is the type of writing most easily
understood by every kind of reader.
EX E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) desire or eagerness to know about things
b) speed; rate of progress
c) trying to be more successful than others
d) method which makes something possible; way
of achieving something
e) imaginable; that can be believed; possible
f) story line
g) situation in which a story, etc., is set
h) confusion and excitement
i) with a lot of information, but no unnecessary
words or details
j) with descriptions that give a clear picture in the
mind
114 • ELS
EX ER CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Writers of short stories
A)
find it hard to keep up with the pace of modern life
B) prefer to be published in newspapers or magazines
C) are not restricted in their choice of subject
D) feel under pressure to be competitive
E) generally come from democratic countries
2. The way the short story is written
A)
is popular with newspaper and magazine editors
B) shows how competitive the authors are
C) indicates whether its writer comes from a democracy or not
D) puts the authors under a lot of pressure
E) makes it possible for everyone to understand it
3. According to the writer, the short story
A)
suits the modern way of life
B) is most frequently found in newspapers and magazines
C) puts pressure on other literary types
D) is in need of a lot of encouragement
E) increases human curiosity
E X E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Being able to express your ideas
is a great asset, as managers these
days don't have time to read long, wordy reports.
2. This new equipment will provide the
for us to produce twice as much
as we are doing now.
3.
It's
that she's decided not to wait for us, as I didn't say she should in
the message I left.
4. Thomas Hardy set all of his novels against the
of southwestern
England's country life.
5.
I hate being in the same class as her because she's really
and sulks if
anyone does better than her.
ELS • 11 5
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
vegetable substances which are usually dried
for use and have distinctive flavours and
aromas
b) cleverly, but perhaps in a way that is not
completely honest
c) refuse to give something
d) worth a lot of money
e) the buying and selling of goods
f) the gradual development of something
g) important; interesting
h) connected with God and religion
i) able to make a sick person healthy again
(two
words)
j) be gradually passed on from person to person
(phrase)
k) less extreme; not as strong as before
(phrase)
I) drinks, e.g. tea, coffee, orwine
m) keep something in good condition for a long
time
n) cover; prevent something from being noticed
o) not completely; in parts
p) decayed; no longer good
q) the taste of something
r) go somewhere, especially somewhere that may
be dangerous
11 6 • ELS
THE SPICE TRADE
Spices were known to Eastern peoples thousands of years ago. Arab traders
artfully withheld the true source of these spices, however, and they became valuable
items of commerce early in the evolution of the spice trade. The most notable uses
of spices in very early times were in medicine and in the making of holy oils. Belief in
the healing power of spices filtered down, in a moderated form, into the Middle Ages
and even into early modern times. It is not known when spices were first used in
food. Certainly, the ancient Greeks and Romans used spices to flavour food and
beverages because they discovered that spices helped to preserve foods, mask the
flavour of partially spoiled meats, and also brought a change of flavour. Knowledge
of the use of spices to preserve and flavour food slowly spread through Europe.
Finally, in the last third of the 15th century, the Europeans decided to build ships and
venture abroad in search of a route to the spice-producing countries.
E XE R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Initially, spices were
A)
sold for very low prices
B) given in exchange for oil
C) grown by Arab traders
D) never sold because they were a secret
E) sold to the West by Arabs
2. Spices were first used
A)
by the ancient Greeks and Romans
B) mostly for healing and religious purposes
C) in the West in the early Middle Ages
D) to make partially spoiled meat edible
E) to change the flavour of commonly consumed foods
3. We are told in the passage that the ancient Greeks and Romans used spices for all the
following, except
A)
to make food taste even better
B) in religious ceremonies to please their gods
C) to keep food from going bad
D) to hide the taste of rotting food
E) in certain drinks to add flavour
E X E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Although the man wasn't one of the robbers, he was arrested because he
information from the police by not telling them everything he knew
about the crime.
2. The ancient Egyptians found a way to
the bodies of their pharaohs
before putting them into the pyramids.
3. The soup tasted horrible because I forgot to put the salt and pepper and other
in while I was making it.
4. While Pam and Fiona were on holiday, they decided to leave their hotel and the tourist areas
and
into the backstreets of the city.
5. My grandmother's diamond ring and several other
items of jewellery
were stolen from her home.
ELS a 117
ALEXANDRE DUMAS
The novels and plays of Alexandre Dumas are filled with action and clever talk.
Some critics, however, have said that Dumas's work is not good literature because it
is sometimes carelessly written and historically inaccurate. After several failures as a
playwright, Dumas wrote a play about the king called
Henri III.
It was produced in
Paris in 1829 and was a great success. Dumas became prominent as one of the
leaders of the Romantic movement. In the 1840s, Dumas turned nearly all his
attention to writing vivid historical novels. The best known are
The Three
Musketeers,
and
The Count of Monte Cristo.
Dumas hired collaborators, added
material here and there to their work, and changed the plot and characters, giving
the works the charm and movement that made his novels popular. Collaborators'
names never appeared on the title pages of these works, but this omission was a
practice of the day. Dumas earned vast sums, but he spent money faster than he
earned it. His wish to be elected to the French Academy was never fulfilled.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
exciting events
b) written works which are of artistic value
c) not correct
d) a writer who writes for the theatre
e) famous; important
f) clear, lively (of a memory, description, the
imagination, etc.)
g) employ someone for a short time by paying a
certain amount of money
h) people who work together for a special purpose
i) in several places
(phrase)
j) the set of events on which a story or play is
based
k) the ability to please or delight other people;
attractiveness
I) the act of leaving something out
m) a regular custom or habit at a particular time
and place in history
n) amount of money
o) (be) made true; (be) satisfied; come to be
realized
118 • ELS
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The novels and plays which Dumas wrote
A)
are not worth reading because they're not good, and too tedious to keep the reader
interested
B) create a true and precise portrayal of the lives of prominent historical figures
C) have been criticized by some literary authorities as being inferior in quality
D) are full of dialogues, but not much happens in them
E) tend not to have very strong or realistic plots
2. Dumas's first success
A)
was with a novel rather than a play
B) occurred during the Romantic period in literary history
C) came when he started being attentive to his work
D) was with his novel
The Three Musketeers
E) came with a play written about a royal figure
3. The passage tells us that Alexandre Dumas
A)
paid critics and others to give his work good reviews
B) never credited those who worked on his novels alongside him
C) co-authored several novels with others of equal status
D) adapted legends and other stories for his novels
E) achieved all his goals and died an extremely wealthy man
EX E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Fiona always has
dreams, which she remembers clearly when she
wakes up in the morning.
2.
It is
to think that because something is expensive it must be of good
quality.
3. The artist Van Gogh was not
during his lifetime, but became extremely
famous after his death.
4.
Shakespeare is, without doubt, the most famous English
- most people
in the world have heard of him, even if they aren't interested in theatre.
5. The printers made a mistake and left the company's phone number out of the advertisement.
This
meant that the advert was unusable.
ELS Q 1 1 9
CLASSIFYING LIFE FORMS
Exactly what is a plant and how is it different from other life forms? This may
initially seem like a simple question. Everyone knows that an elm tree is a plant,
whereas a dog is not. Nevertheless, the precise definition of plants is still a matter of
debate among some scientists. All living things are made up of protoplasm, a
complex material composed of organic substances such as sugars, proteins and
fats. Protoplasm is arranged in tiny units called cells. All living things are composed
of cells. As recently as the late 1960s, scientists believed that all organisms could be
classified as members of either the plant or the animal kingdom. Life forms that are
green and that can synthesize their own food using light energy were put in the plant
kingdom. Those organisms that lack green pigment and are able to move about
were considered to be animals. Researchers now agree that living things are more
properly divided into two groups-prokaryotes and eukaryotes. These major groups
comprise five kingdoms. Major differences between cells are used to distinguish
between these groups and kingdoms.
M O a
E L S
E X E R C IS E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
at first; in the early stages
b) exact
c) a topic people have differing opinions on;
something people discuss and argue about
(phrase)
d) consisting of many parts; not simple [adjective]
e) (be) formed from different parts; (be) made up
of
f) the smallest part of an animal or plant that can
exist on its own
g) (be) arranged or placed into groups according
to similar characteristics
h) produce a new substance by combining
different chemicals
i) be without something; not have something
j) natural colouring matter of plants and animals
k) correctly; suitably
I) include; contain
m) see or recognize the differences between
E X ER CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The main concern of the passage is
A)
how protoplasm is arranged into cells differently in plants and animals
B) why all life forms should be classified into five major groups
C) why plants manage to feed themselves but the life forms in the animal kingdom don't
D) the disagreement between scientists as to the definition of a plant and an animal cell
E) the difficulty of giving a distinct definition separating plants from other life forms
2. We understand from the passage that protoplasm
A)
is a simple life form
B) is a method of grouping life forms
C) is a separate life form
D) contains cells
E) is the distinctive characteristic of plants
3. The current method of classifying life forms involves
A)
separating the plant and animal kingdoms
B) taking significant differences in cell formation into account
C) seeing if an organism contains green colouring
D) noting if an organism can produce food chemically
E) checking whether the organism contains protoplasm
EX E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Graham and Dan are identical twins. They look so alike that their mother is the only person
who can
between them.
2. According to the Dewey Decimal System, library books are
under
subjects and authors.
3. Whether the Vikings visited America before Columbus or not was long a/an
among historians, until, in 1963, it was proved that they had come first,
because archaeologists discovered the remains of a Viking settlement in Newfoundland,
Canada.
4. The Prince's Trust is a charitable organization, set up by Prince Charles, which aims to help
young people who have plans and ambitions, but
the financial means
to fulfil their dreams.
5. The Hauffmans are coming over from Germany for a short visit in February - they don't know
the
date yet, but it should be towards the beginning of the month.
ELS • 1X1
ICE-BORG
Because of his imperturbable manner, both on and off the tennis court, and his
relentless ground strokes, Bjom Borg was dubbed Ice-Borg by his opponents on the
professional tennis circuit. Borg won his first tournament when he was 11. In four
years, he won all the world's junior titles, and became the first of the teenage
wonders to achieve world-class status. He dropped out of school when he was in the
ninth grade, at the age of 15, and qualified for the Swedish Davis Cup team,
becoming the youngest player ever to win a cup match. This was his first encounter
with team captain Lennart Bergelin, who later became Borg's full-time coach. In
1975 Borg's three match victories, including doubles, brought Sweden its
first Davis Cup. In his first decade in competitive tennis, the golden-
haired Swede broke more records than anyone else in the
history of tennis. Borg was only 26 when he retired, and
he failed in his attempt eight years later to make a
comeback with his old wooden racket - made
obsolete by the oversized models that are now used in the
game.
EX E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
remaining calm in spite of difficulties
b) continuous and strong
c) the action used to hit a ball with a racket
d) (be) named amusingly or descriptively
e) a regular journey from place to place for the
purpose of playing in competitions
f) a number of competitions between players,
played until the best competitor wins
g) a person who has marvellous or amazing
properties
h) one's position or rank considered in relation to
other people
i) stop attending
{phrase)
j) win the right to take part in something, such as
a competition
k) meeting
I) a person who trains sportsmen and
sportswomen
m) the act of winning or state of having won
n) do something better than anyone has ever
done it before (idiomatic phrase)
o) return to a former position of importance
(phrase)
p) old-fashioned and not really used any more;
less effective than newer models
q) biggerthan usual
12 2 U EL S
E X E RCI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. One reason that Bjorn Borg was nicknamed "Ice-Borg" was that
A)
he never panicked
B) he had very good manners
C) all his rivals hated him
D) he was physically very big
E) he was very cold towards his opponents
2. Bjorn Borg
A)
was the first teenager to become world-famous
B) started playing tennis when he was about 11
C) lost many tennis matches between the ages of 26 and 34
D) was better-educated than most tennis players
E) was a world-class player in his early teens
3. Lennart Bergelin
A)
was the coach of the Swedish Davis Cup team
B) led Borg's team during his first ever cup match
C) was coached by Borg some years after they first met
D) beat Borg during his first Davis Cup match
E) was beaten by Borg during his first Davis Cup
E X E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
*
1.
Linda's parents were very upset when she decided to
of university and
become a tour guide instead.
2. Our army fought bravely, but the pressure from the enemy was
and
after several days of fighting we had to surrender.
3. The Manchester United
has decided that the players are not to listen
to music in the changing rooms before the match because he thinks it disturbs their
concentration.
4. The British army beat Napoleon's army at Waterloo, near Brussels, in 1815, and one of the
major stations in London was named "Waterloo", in honour of that
5.
Barry bought his first computer in 1983, but that model is now
because
computer technology has developed so much since then.
ELS • 123
SMALL WHALES
Dolphins and porpoises, often called simply "small whales," are mammals, not
fish, and are thus warm-blooded, keeping their body temperature nearly constant
even when they are exposed to different environmental temperatures. The mothers
provide milk for the young for a year or more. Like other whales, dolphins have lungs
and breathe through a single nostril, called the blowhole, located on top of the head.
The blowhole is opened during their frequent trips to the surface to breathe. In
contrast to some of the large whales, dolphins and porpoises have teeth, which they
use to seize their food, consisting primarily of marine fish. Certain species of marine
dolphins are the best-known biologically because they survive well in captivity, which
means they can be more carefully observed. The bottle-nosed dolphin has been the
most intensively studied because of its adaptability to salt-water holding tanks. It is a
major participant in acrobatic shows at oceanariums and is noted for its curiosity
toward humans.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
a type of animal born live, not in an egg, which
is fed on its mother's milk
b) having body temperature which stays nearly
the same regardless of outside temperature
c) fixed; unchanging
d) (be) put in a situation where one is not
protected from something
e) an opening at the end of the nose through
which one breathes
f) in a certain position; situated
g) the top of a body of water
h) different from; unlike
(phrase)
i) take hold of something quickly and forcefully
j) mainly; chiefly
k) the state of being kept in a closed situation
without being allowed to be free
I) (be) watched carefully, often for the purpose of
study
m) with great concentration and attention
n) ability to change one's behaviour so as to
manage well in a new situation
o) a large container for storing liquid
p) one that takes part in an activity
q) involving the performance of difficult physical
acts
r) (be) well-known
s) the desire to know something or learn about
something
12 4 Q E L S
E X ER CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. One of the differences between some whales and dolphins is that
A)
whales don't provide milk for their young, but dolphins do
B) although dolphins have lungs for breathing, most whales don't
C) while all dolphins are warm-blooded, whales are cold-blooded
D) whales are less aggressive than dolphins and not as big as them
E) whereas all dolphins have teeth, some whales don't have any
2. From the information given in the passage, we can infer that dolphins
A)
have difficulty surviving in captivity
B) use only one lung at a time
C) are among the largest marine animals
D) don't breathe underwater
E) cannot survive in climates warmer than their body temperature
3. One of the special characteristics of the bottle-nosed dolphin is that
A)
it is very interested in people
B) unlike others, it lives in salt water
C) it is cleverer than most animals
D) it enjoys being held in captivity
E) it is an especially studious animal
EX E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
An English furniture maker of the 18th century, Thomas Chippendale was
for his book,
The Gentleman & Cabinet Maker's Directory,
which
illustrated almost every style of mid-18th-century domestic furniture.
2. After the oil tanker sank, we were horrified to see the amount of oil floating on the
of the water.
3. While security guards were transferring the money from the bank into their van, armed
robbers managed to
the money from them.
4. They've bought a new house which is
on top of a hill, so it has a
wonderful view of the surrounding countryside.
5. The success or failure of first-year university students often depends on their
as the difference between high school and university can be very
difficult to get used to.
ELS • 12 5
SWIMMING BIRDS OF THE ANTARCTIC
Penguin ancestors could fly as well as any other sea bird. Now its wings are
short, paddle-like flippers that are entirely useless for flight. The bird has lived for
ages in or near the Antarctic regions, where it has few enemies. Thus it came to
spend all of its time on land or in the water. For generations it did not fly. In the
course of evolution, its wings became small and stiff and lost their long feathers. The
penguins, however, became master swimmers and divers. Of all birds, they are the
most fully adapted to water. Their thick coat of feathers provides a smooth surface
that is impenetrable to water. Their streamlined bodies glide through the water easily.
The birds use their wings as swimmers use their arms in a
crawl stroke, and they steer with their feet. Penguins can
swim at speeds of more than 25 miles per hour.
When they want to leave the water, they can leap
as much as 6 feet from the water's surface onto a
rock or iceberg.
E X ER CI S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
a person or animal from which others are
descended
b) a flattened stick used to move a small boat,
such as a canoe
c) the flat arm-like part of a sea animal used for
swimming
d) being no good or having no purpose
e) not easily bent
f) the covering of a bird
g) expert at something
h) (be) made to suit a new situation
i) impossible to get through
j) of a long, smooth shape which moves easily
through air or water
k) a method of swimming
(phrase)
I) control something so it goes in a certain direction
m) jump
126 • ELS
EX E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The birds from which penguins are descended
A)
initially had to fight a number of enemies in Antarctica
B) had flippers to enable them to swim easily
C) were as capable of flight as any normal bird
D) fled to Antarctica to escape from their enemies
E) were the first birds to lose the ability to fly
2. Penguins are especially well-suited to water because they
A)
live in Antarctica, which is surrounded by water
B) have flippers, instead of wings, and streamlined bodies
C) have long feathers to protect them from the icy polar water
D) are simply no longer very good at flying
E) spend so much of their time living on the land
3. When penguins desire to get out of the water,
A)
they swim very fast in order to get above the surface
B) they move their wings and fly onto the nearest iceberg
C) their feet help them gain enough speed to leap above the waves
D) their streamlined bodies enable them to do so quite easily
E) they are capable of jumping nearly six feet high to do it
E X E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
After finishing the marathon, my legs were incredibly
and I found it
difficult to climb the stairs because I couldn't bend my knees properly.
2. The soldiers tried to break through the enemy lines, but the lines proved to be
and the soldiers were forced to retreat to their own base.
3. Though I was born in America, my most famous
comes from Europe-
my grandfather was a well-known member of the royal family of Yugoslavia.
4. There are many people who know how to make cakes, but Mr. Goedekuchen is a/an
baker and people come from all over the city to buy his top-quality
baked goods.
5. Mark Twain, before he became a writer, used to be a riverboat pilot and
his boat up and down the Mississippi.
ELS • 127
LUDWIG VAN BEETHOVEN
The composer of some of the most influential pieces of music ever written,
Ludwig van Beethoven created a bridge between the 18th-century classical period
and the new beginnings of Romanticism. His greatest breakthroughs in composition
came in his instrumental work, including his symphonies. Unlike his predecessor
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, for whom writing music seemed to come easily,
Beethoven always struggled to perfect his work. In the late 1700s Beethoven began
to suffer from early symptoms of deafness. The cause of his disability is still
uncertain. By 1802 Beethoven was convinced that the condition not only was
permanent, but was getting progressively worse. He spent that
summer in the country and wrote what has become known as
the "Heiligenstadt Testament." In the document, seemingly
intended for his two brothers, Beethoven expressed his
humiliation and despair. For the rest of his life he searched for
a cure, but by 1819 his deafness had become total.
Afterwards, in order to have conversations with his friends,
Beethoven had them write down their questions and replied
orally.
EX E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
having an effect on others
b) connect two different concepts
(phrase)
c) an important discovery or advance
d) (of music) without singers
e) one that comes before another
f) happen without too much effort
{phrase)
g) make faultless
h) a sign or effect of an illness or medical problem
i) something that makes you unable to use your
body or part of your body properly
j) increasingly
k) apparently
i) a feeling of embarrassment and shame
m) the complete loss of hope
n) a medicine or treatment to end an illness
o) using the mouth; in speech
128 • ELS
EX E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Perhaps the biggest problem in Beethoven's life was
A) the gradual loss of his hearing over a period of about twenty years
B) the fact that he had to respond in writing to the questions of his friends
C) when he lost his two brothers and wrote the "Heiligenstadt" for them
D) his sudden and unexpected deafness in the early nineteenth century
E) the fact that he was always being compared to the superior Mozart
2. Unlike Wolfgang Amadous Mozart,
A) Beethoven's music was loved by all sorts of people
B) Beethoven wrote music that greatly affected people
C) Beethoven refused to perform uncorrected music
D) Beethoven's music was never intended to be sung
E) Beethoven had to work very hard to write his music
3. Beethoven's music is said to
A) have brought about the end of the classical period of music
B) have had a great influence on the works of the composer Mozart
C) be among the most romantic music ever composed
D) have started a new generation of instrumental love songs
E) have served as a connection between two different periods of music
EX E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1. Tom is very lucky because foreign languages seem to
to him - he was
practically fluent in Greek after spending less than a year there.
2. While Rachel has a serious
that prevents her from using her legs, she
manages to get around quite well in a wheelchair and leads a full and active life.
3. After her husband died in the war, Sophia fell into
:
and felt that life just
simply wasn't worth living any more.
4. William is
very experienced at teaching children - he knows how to
handle their problems and keep them under control.
5. The invention of the wheel was an important
in technology as it
allowed people to transport themselves and their belongings much more easily.
ELS
129
O U R A N I M A L FRI END S
The human race's progress on the Earth has been due in part to the animals
that people have been able to utilize throughout history. Such domesticated animals
carry people and their burdens. They pull machinery and help cultivate fields. They
provide food and clothing. As pets they may amuse or console their owners.
Domesticated animals are those that have been bred in captivity for many
generations. While a single animal may be tamed, only a species of animal can be
considered domesticated. In the course of time, by selective breeding, certain
animals have changed greatly in appearance and behaviour from their wild
ancestors. There is a vast difference between the scrawny red jungle fowl of
southern Asia and its descendant, the meaty, egg-laying farm chicken. Not all
domestic animals are tame at all times. An angry bull, a mother goose, or a mother
sow with young piglets can be vicious. Some creatures confined in zoos breed in
captivity. The lion is an example. These animals are not domesticated, however, for
they remain wild and dangerous.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) use something in a practical or effective way
b) (for a species of animal) made able to live with
people
c) something heavy to carry
d) grow and raise plants for food
e) make someone happy; make someone laugh
f) give comfort or sympathy in time of sorrow
g) (for individuals of wild animal species) (be)
trained to live with people
h) over a long period of time
(phrase)
i) choosing the parents of animals in order to
produce young with certain characteristics
(phrase)
j) very thin and bony
k) a thick tropical forest
I) an animal, person or thing that has developed
from an earlier type of a similar one
m) wild or dangerous and likely to hurt people
n) kept in an enclosed place
(phrase)
I30 • ELS
E X E R CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The author suggests that
A)
people have contributed greatly to the advancement of animals
B) if there were no animals, most people would be hungry and naked
C) without the help of animals, people wouldn't have progressed so far
D) animals are generally better at working on farms than people are
E) it would be impossible to transport machines without the help of animals
2. The passage tells us that the lions kept in zoos
A)
are a different variety to the wild type, altered by selective breeding
B) are capable of helping out with many jobs difficult for men
C) are not domesticated, but still wild
D) do not bear any resemblance to their ancestors in the wild
E) are not capable of breeding in captivity
3. The passage implies that, by the process of selective breeding
A)
animals are altered so that they are more useful to man
B) wild animals are captured and kept in cages
C) normally friendly animals may become very dangerous
D) any wild bird is changed into a chicken over time
E) domestic animals are taught to choose their own mates
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
No matter how many times I watch the Monty Python film "The Life of Brian," it never fails to
me. I think it's one of the funniest films ever made.
2. Aaron was attacked by a/an
dog on the way to work and needed to go
to the hospital.
3. When Winston lost his job, it was impossible to
him - whatever
anyone said or did, he remained seriously depressed.
4.
The Romanian language is a/an
of Latin. Because of this, it has a lot
of the same words as French, which also comes from Latin.
5. When we finally checked into our hotel, we were able to put down our suitcases. It was a
great relief as they had been an unpleasant
, each weighing about
thirty kilos.
ELS
13 1
l-HO CH'UAN
In the summer of 1900, members of a secret society roamed northeastern
China in bands, killing Europeans and Americans and destroying buildings owned by
foreigners. They called themselves l-ho ch'uan, or "Righteous and Harmonious
Fists." They practised boxing skills that they believed made them impervious to
bullets. To Westerners they became known as the Boxers, and their uprising was
called the Boxer Rebellion. Most Boxers were peasants or urban thugs from northern
China who resented the growing influence of Westerners in their land. They
organized themselves in 1898, and in the same year the Chinese government - then
ruled by the Ch'ing Dynasty - secretly allied with the Boxers to oppose such
outsiders as Christian missionaries and European businessmen. The Boxers failed
to drive foreigners out of China, but they set the stage for the successful Chinese
revolutionary movement of the early 20th century.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
wander through
b) groups of people who have assembled for a
common purpose and often with a leader
c) lawful and morally good
d) being in a state of friendly or sympathetic
agreement
e) hand with the fingers tightly curled
f) not affected by
g) a small piece of metal with a rounded or
pointed end, fired from a gun
h) of a town or city
i) a violent person, often a criminal
j) feel anger
k) join together with
I) force someone to leave
m) create the conditions for something to happen
(idiomatic phrase)
n) connected with great social change, especially
the changing of a ruler or political system by
force
132 • ELS
EX E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The Boxers had little fear of guns because
A)
they vastly outnumbered their opponents
B) according to their beliefs, guns couldn't harm them
C) they believed that moral law was on their side
D) they had the open support of the army and government
E) their identities were hidden so no one knew who they were
2. In general, the people who joined the movement were
A)
highly-placed political figures
B) ordinary middle-class city dwellers
C) members of the famous Ch'ing Dynasty
D) from higher classes of the society
E) poor agricultural workers and criminals
3. In 1898, the Chinese government
A)
took a firm stand against the Ch'ing Dynasty
B) sent out spies in order to overthrow the Boxers
C) were in favour of foreign influences in their country
D) tried to prevent the Boxers from harming foreigners
E) worked in alliance with the Boxers against foreigners
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Susie is
to criticism. You can say anything you want to her, and it won't
hurt her feelings or alter her behaviour.
2. As the white settlers moved westward in America, native Indians were
from their land.
3. As Dublin is a strictly Catholic Christian city, everything is closed on Sundays, so as a tourist
there's not much to do then except
about the streets or do a bit of
window-shopping.
4. The older employees
having such a young supervisor, and were
obviously disturbed by taking orders from him.
5. John grew up on a farm in the country, so when he moved to London, he found it very
difficult to adjust to a/an
lifestyle.
ELS • 133
IS IT ART?
Paintings and power shovels, sonatas and submarines, dramas and dynamos -
they all have one thing in common. They are fashioned by people. They are artificial,
in contrast to everything that is natural - plants, animals, and minerals. The average
20th-century person would distinguish paintings, sonatas, and dramas as forms of
art, while viewing power shovels, submarines, and dynamos as products of
technology. This distinction, however, is a modern one that dates from an 18th-
century point of view. In earlier times, the word "art" referred to any useful skill.
Shoemaking, metalworking, medicine, agriculture, and even warfare, were all once
classified as arts. They were equated with what are today called the fine arts -
painting, sculpture, music, architecture, literature, dance, and related fields. In that
broader sense, art was defined as a skill in making or doing, based on true and
adequate reasoning.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
a machine used for digging
(phrase)
b) a machine used to turn other forms of energy
into electricity
c) (be) made or designed
d) not natural
e) typical
f) a clear difference
g) originate at a point in time
(phrase)
h) way of considering something
(phrase)
i) the ability to do something
j) military activity against an enemy
k) (be) considered the same as something else
I) the art of making statues or other solid figures
m) more generally
(phrase)
n) being enough for a purpose
o) the process of coming to a conclusion by
carefully considering all the facts
13 4 U E L S
E XE RC IS E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Dramas and power shovels are similar in that
A)
they are both considered to be fine art
B) they are each based on natural things
C) both of them are quite fashionable
D) they are both produced by people
E) neither of them is very common
2. The author tells us that, before the 1700s, people
A)
were not able to travel in submarines
B) were completely unfamiliar with technology
C) produced such beautiful tools that they were called art
D) placed a much higher value on visual arts
E) had a much wider definition for the term "art"
3. It can be inferred from the passage that warfare
A)
has become less artistic because of modern military technology
B) isn't really so different from skills like shoemaking or literature
C) is no longer considered to be an art, though it once was
D) has inspired people, through its images, to make great art
E) is based, by its very nature, on broadly accepted and true reasoning
E XE R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Though England is often
Great Britain, they are technically not the
same - in reality, Great Britain is comprised of England, Scotland and Wales.
2. Wilma refuses to eat foods that contain
ingredients, so she makes
everything she eats from fresh and natural products.
3. Skiing is a difficult activity that requires a lot of
and one must practise
to get good at it.
4. Travelling gives people lots of experiences and helps them to see things from a/an
different than their own by exposing them to the way other peoples live
and think.
5. Though individuals' actual salaries vary greatly, the
Canadian earns
about thirty times as much as the typical Ethiopian.
ELS • 1 3 5
HISTORY OR BIOGRAPHY?
History and biography have several similarities, but they are not synonymous.
Both the biographer and the historian search for evidence. They evaluate the
information they find to decide if it is factual and relevant. History, however, is the
recorded past of human societies; it tells the story of nations, wars and movements -
the whole range of past human activity. Biography deals with a single life story. The
historian is interested in facts and events that affect many lives; the biographer
seeks information that reveals the subject's character and personality. If the subject
of a biography is a well-known public figure such as a president of the United States,
his life story almost becomes a historical narrative. The life of George Washington, -
for instance, is a significant segment of American history. But if the subject is a very
private person, such as the poet Emily Dickinson, the biography is much less
concerned with contemporary historical events.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) an account of a person's life written by
someone else
b) the quality of being alike
c) meaning the same
d) judge the value or importance of something
e) based on real happenings
f) directly connected with a particular subject
g) written down
h) look for
i) a story
j) any of the parts into which something may be
divided
k) be about; deal with; be involved with
I) belonging to the same time as something or
someone else that is mentioned
13 6 • ELS
EX E R CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We learn from the passage that one of the similarities between history and biography is
that they both
A)
deal with well-known public figures
B) search for facts that involve the whole of society
C) give information based on facts
D) deal primarily with the world of fiction
E) choose their subject matters very carefully
2. One of the differences between the historian and the biographer is that only
A)
the historian has to be very careful as to whether the information he's received is factual
B) the biographer focuses entirely on the history of an individual
C) the biographer must discard material that is irrelevant
D) the historian needs to look for proof of his research
E) the biographer is interested in the full scope of past human activity
3. Biography and history may become more similar if the biographer is
A)
writing about the life of a famous American
B) investigating the life of a very private person
C) revealing facts about him or herself
D) interested in historical events in his private capacity
E) investigating the life of a well-known public figure
EX ER CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
This department is only
with the mail order side of the business, and
doesn't deal with customers directly.
2. Although nobody would ever confuse English and German, there are some
between the two languages, owing to the fact that they both belong to
the same language family.
3. When you're applying for a job, you should enclose a letter with your CV, highlighting the
experience you've had which is most
to the job you're applying for.
4.
Despite the fact that a large
of the population is against genetically
modified food, the government continues to allow it to be produced.
5. The manager can't
the success of the project until all the facts and
figures have been collected and put into a report.
ELS • 137
ARE THEY EVIL?
During the Middle Ages in Europe, the cat became an object of superstitions
and was associated with evil. The animal was believed to have powers of black
magic - an assistant to witches and perhaps the embodiment of the devil. People
who kept cats were suspected of wickedness and were often put to death along with
their cats. Cats were hunted, tortured, and sacrificed. Live cats were sealed inside
the walls of houses and other buildings as they were being constructed, in the belief
that this would bring good luck. As the cat population dwindled, the disease-carrying
rat population increased, a factor that contributed greatly to the spread of epidemics
throughout Europe. By the 17th century, the cat had begun to regain its former place
as a
companion to people and a controller of rodents. Many of the superstitions that
appeared during the period of cat persecution, however, are still evident today in the
form of such sayings as "A black cat crossing your path brings bad luck."
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
a belief which is not based on reason
b) (be) connected with something, through ideas
c) a supposed special power that is used to harm
people or that involves communicating with evil
spirits
(phrase)
d) a woman who is believed to have supernatural
powers, usually evil ones
e) the expression of an idea or quality in
something physical
f) evil; extreme badness
:
g) (be) caused to suffer great pain
h) (be) firmly closed in a place so that it is not
possible to get out
i) become gradually less; diminish
j) reach or have an effect on more people or
things
k) a large number of cases of the same infectious
disease at the same time, often in the same
area or region
I) get something back
m) the group of small animals with sharp teeth,
which includes rats and mice
n) the act of making someone or something suffer
because of what they are
o) clearly seen; apparent
138 • ELS
EX ER CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. During the Middle Ages, cat owners were in danger of being
A)
thought to be evil people
B) forced to kill their pets
C) perceived as very superstitious
D) considered to be the devil himself
E) used in the construction of buildings
2. It's obvious from the passage that the widespread epidemics in Europe in the Middle
Ages
A)
were believed to be the result of bad luck
B) helped to control the amount of rodents
C) caused the cat population to decline dramatically
D) were believed to be the work of witches
E) were connected to the diminishing numbers of cats
3. It's clear from the passage that during the 17th century,
A)
people no longer had any superstitions
B) cats were no longer considered to be rodents
C) the persecution of cats rose to its height
D) disease had wiped out most of Europe's cats
E) the cats' luck began to change for the better
EX E RCI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
As there are no signs of forced entry to the building, it is
that the
robbers either had a key, or were let in by somebody.
2. The Plague, a disease also known as the Black Death, was a particularly violent
which killed many people in Europe during the Middle Ages.
3. Many people believe that breaking a mirror brings seven years' bad luck, but this is simply
and has no basis in fact.
4. The woman who fainted because of the stuffy air in the cinema was immediately carried
outside the cinema, where she could get some fresh air, and soon she
consciousness.
5.
Under the Geneva Convention, it is illegal to
prisoners of war - this
includes both psychological and physical abuse.
ELS • 139
WHY LEAVE?
If people are satisfied where they are, they will not migrate. Throughout history,
people have left their native lands for a variety of reasons: religious or racial
persecution, lack of political freedom, economic deprivation. The forces that attracted
them to new homelands were the opposites of these: religious and political freedom,
ethnic tolerance, economic opportunity. The leading motive behind migration has
always been economic. Overpopulation creates shortages of jobs and food. The
natural resources of a region can become exhausted, impelling a whole group of
people to migrate. People who are oppressed for any reason will in all likelihood be
economically deprived as well. The movement from farm to city is a prime example
of migration for economic reasons. During the Industrial Revolution of the 18th and
19th centuries, millions of people left poverty-stricken rural areas for the cities. Even
the low-paying, seven-day-a-week jobs in early factories were better than the
endless toil and misery of trying to earn a living on the farm. This search for jobs in
urban areas has continued to be a leading cause of migration up to the present.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
move from one place to another to live or work
b) the place people and their ancestors come
from
(phrase)
c) relating to a particular group of people who
share certain physical traits
d) the extreme state of not having something you
need or want
e) the quality of accepting people who have
different opinions and beliefs from one's own
f) a reason for doing something
g) completely used up
h) force one to take action
i) (be) treated in a hard and cruel way
j) probably
(phrase)
k) main; major
I) very poor
m) in or relating to the countryside
n) physically hard work
o) suffering
140 • ELS
E X E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the author, all of those who migrate
A)
try to escape from overpopulation in the area
B) are under some form of state persecution
C) are members of an ethnic group who seek political freedom
D) are attracted by the wealth of their new homeland
E) have some sort of dissatisfaction with their native land
2. The main reason that most migrants leave their homelands is that
A)
they want to practise their religion freely
B) their political ideas conflict with those of the state
C) they are driven away by the hostile climate of the region
D) they think they can make more money elsewhere
E) they have become tired from working too hard
3. Country people who moved to the city during the Industrial Revolution
A)
generally found satisfactory jobs within a week
B) usually regretted the rural lives they had left behind
C) preferred the most miserable urban jobs to the struggle of rural life
D) often returned to the farms where they could at least survive
E) often spent a long time looking for work without success
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The world needs to search for new sources of energy, because fossil fuels, such as coal and
oil, are not an unlimited resource and will be
at some point.
2. The Ottoman Empire, although predominantly Islamic, was well known for its religious
, and allowed people to practise whichever religion they chose.
3. Very few murders take place without a/an
- generally the murderer
has a reason for wanting to kill his victim.
4.
Margot says she'll pick us up at seven o'clock, but
she'll be late, as
she usually is.
5. The recent economic depression has
the company to get rid of sixty
workers. The manager said it was the worst thing he has ever had to do, as nobody wanted
to see them go.
ELS
14 1
FRO M HOLY W A TE R T O C O CA - C OL A
According to the ancient mathematician Hero of Alexandria, Egyptian temples in
1 about 215 BC had devices from which one could get a squirt of holy water for a few
I small coins. Today's vending machines, however, have their origins in coin-operated
1 dispensers of tobacco and snuff in 18th-century England, and later in the American
1 colonies. These were called honour boxes, because when a coin was inserted, the
1 top opened, laying bare the supply. Customers were on their honour to take their
1 entitled amount and then close the lid so that the next person could pay. The first
I practical vending machines appeared in the United States in 1888 - chewing gum
1 machines on elevated train platforms in New York City. The machines remained gum
I and penny-candy vendors until the modern cigarette machine was introduced in
I 1926. Cigarette machines were the first to return change. The first soft drink
1 machine appeared in 1937.
EX E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) a building people use for prayer and worship
b) a thin, quick stream of liquid
c) a disc-shaped bit of metal used as money
d) a mechanical device that accepts money and
gives out a product
(phrase)
e) a device for giving something out, e.g. tickets,
cash, etc., which operates either mechanically
or manually
f) a tobacco product inhaled through the nose
g) high principles or standards of behaviour
h) put in
i) expose; make available
(phrase)
j) relating to what one is allowed to do or have
k) the piece that covers the opening at the top of
a container
I) raised above the ground
m) the correct money given back when more is
paid than required
n) a beverage without alcohol; used for cola, root
beer, ginger ale, etc.
(phrase)
142 • ELS
EX E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In ancient Alexandria, visitors to temples
A)
didn't have to pay for the holy water they wanted
B) had a choice of buying either holy or ordinary water
C) weren't allowed to enter without paying a bit of money
D) could buy holy water without having to talk to any sellers
E) were required to buy holy water before going into the temple
2. It's mentioned in the passage that the first automatic machines for selling tobacco
A)
let people decide what a fair price should be
B) made it very easy for people to pay for the product
C) relied on the general honesty of the customers
D) had special devices to prevent theft
E) were only allowed to be used by honourable people
3. When the modern cigarette machines were first introduced, they were different from
other machines selling products in that
A)
they were able to accept paper money and weren't limited to taking coins
B) the customer didn't have to have the exact amount of money to buy from them
C) customers could pay in money from other countries, not just the currency of that country
D) they were found in train stations and also sold chewing gum to people who wanted it
E) it was much easier to use them, as they were more practical than the ones selling gum
E X E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
I have a reusable plastic
which I put on tins of cat food to keep it fresh
after I've opened the tin.
2.
In strict Muslim countries, alcohol is forbidden, so people tend to drink
tea, or coffee when they go out.
3. Because flooding is a constant problem, the people in Papua New Guinea live in
houses that are raised a few metres above the ground on wooden
posts.
4. When I wanted to buy a candy bar with a $100 bill the retailer wouldn't sell it to me as he
didn't have enough
5. Since Howard doesn't smoke, I was able to bring twice the amount of cigarettes passengers
are
to take into the country.
ELS • 143
THE BIRTH OF ROCK AND ROLL
A record producer who had been searching for a "white man with the Negro
sound and the Negro feel" began recording the Memphis-based country singer Elvis
Presley. In 1956 the 21-year-old Presley created a sensation with his rock 'n' roll-
styled "Heartbreak Hotel", the first of his 14 records in a row that sold more
than a million copies each. Presley's success inspired other country
performers to begin singing rock and roll music in the late 1950s. The
popularity of Presley also helped to encourage the practice of "cover"
recordings. That is, when new records by black performers began to appear
on the hit charts, white singers would record simplified versions of the
same songs. The recordings by the white performers received wider
distribution and were played on more radio stations than the original
recordings. As rock and roll rapidly became the most popular music of
the late 1950s, record industry executives became aware that young
listeners made up the largest portion of this music's audience.
Therefore they employed young, often adolescent, singers to
record rock and roll music, and produced such teenage romance
songs as "Young Love", "16 Candles", and "Teen-Age Crush".
E X ER C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) someone with dark or black skin (a word that is
considered racist and offensive today)
b) relating to popular music in the style of the
southern and western United States
c) cause a state of excited interest
(phrase)
d) following one after the other in order;
consecutive
(phrase)
e) encourage someone to do something,
especially by one's own success or enthusiasm
f) a list of the most popular records
(phrase)
g) made easier to understand or follow
h) a slightly different copy of something
i) the act of goods being delivered to shops or
businesses for sale to the public
j) a person in a company with the power to make
decisions
k) hire someone
I) teenage
m) a strong, foolish and short-lived love for
someone
14 4 O ELS
EX ER CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. As a result of Elvis Presley's success
A)
black musicians and singers became more popular
B) his first 14 records sold one million copies altogether
C) many country singers changed their style of music
D) country music acquired large numbers of new fans
E) many black performers began to copy his style
2. One can conclude from the passage that the success of the "cover" recordings
mentioned in the passage demonstrates that
A)
the original versions were less complex than the re-recorded versions
B) the newly recorded versions were better than the originals
C) Presley was so popular that even copies of his songs sold well
D) Americans in the 1950s preferred black performers to white ones
E) the music industry in 1950s America was quite racist
3. One significant result of the rise of rock and roll was that
A)
the record industry became more youth-oriented
B) older versions of songs were adapted for a young audience
C) teenagers started to become record industry executives
D) older people started to enjoy music made by teenagers
E) more radio stations began to play original recordings
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The captain of the football team
his teammates by his own love of the
game and as a result, the team started to win more matches.
2.
If the business continues to grow at this rate, we'll need to
some more
staff in a month or two.
3. When the designer Louis Reard created the bikini in 1946, it
- in fact,
the dancer Micheline Bernardi, who modelled it, received approximately 50,000 fan letters!
4.
If you're off work for more than three days
the firm requires a letter
from your doctor certifying that you've been ill.
5. American income tax forms used to be very complicated, but in 1986, the government
released a new,
version, which was much easier to understand and fill
in.
ELS • 14 5
JUDO
Judo, which means "the gentle way" in Japanese, is a perfect example of how
skill can overcome brute force, because it teaches a person to use an opponent's
weight against them. So, although a woman may feel intimidated by a taller male
opponent, through the skilful application of throws and holds, she can overpower
him. It's easy to see why this sport produces self-confidence and is a great way of
releasing tension. The sport of judo was invented in Japan in 1882
to combat bullying in schools. After years of studying other martial
arts, Jigoro Kano founded a judo academy in order to discover the
most efficient way of deterring his playground enemies. Initially, judo
was not accepted by other martial artists, but in 1886, Tokyo's police
force held a martial arts tournament and judo techniques
scored highly. Recently, judo has been the most widely
practised of the martial arts outside China and Japan.
E X E R C IS E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean
the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
complete and exact
b) something showing a general rule
c) ability to do something
d) completely physical and instinctive strength,
like that of an animal
(phrase)
e) a person who is against you in a fight, contest,
or game
f) heaviness
g) create a feeling of fear within someone
h) gain control over
i) create something originally or for the first time
j) resist or struggle against; oppose
k) persecute, oppress, or tease those weaker
than oneself
I) set up or establish
m) productive, with a minimum of wasted effort
n) discourage
o) one who has hatred or wicked intent towards
another
p) a contest of skill between a number of
competitors
q) method of doing something
146 ELS
E X E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We are told in the passage that judo
A)
was invented by a Japanese policeman
B) was designed to fight bullying in Japanese schools
C) was developed outside China and Japan
D) was never popular with many martial artists
E) is the only martial art practised by women
2. We can conclude from the information given in the passage that to be successful at
judo, one must
A)
be bullied by someone much stronger
B) be physically stronger than an opponent
C) be skilled in the techniques of the sport
D) have a lot of tension to release
E) be very tall and heavy
3. We can infer from the passage that judo produces self-confidence because in judo
A)
one can enter international tournaments throughout the year
B) the philosophy prepares one to feel strong enough to overpower anyone
C) it is possible for one to beat an opponent who is physically stronger
D) it is quite easy to apply the techniques one has learnt
E) one grows very big physically because of the practice
E X E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The Supreme Court building on Capitol Hill in Washington DC is a good
of Greek revival architecture.
2.
Playing the Australian aboriginal musical instrument, the didgeridoo, requires mastery of the
of circular breathing, which means simultaneously taking in air through
the nose and blowing air out through the mouth.
3. After winning his third chess
at the age of 14, Peter Leko became the
World Chess Federation's grand master.
4. The Bolshoi Theatre of Opera and Ballet was
in Moscow in 1919.
5. The pendulum clock was
by a Dutchman, Christiaan Huygens.
E L S
147
THE PHILADELPHIA MUSEUM OF ARTS FAMOUS STEPS
More money is spent on art in Philadelphia than in any other American city. In
fact, about one percent of the total city budget is spent on art. Philadelphia's art
museum houses an unparalleled collection from the Middle Ages onward. It has
exhibits from all over the world and has a superb collection from the Orient. It is a
palatial structure set in the middle of beautiful Fairmourit Park. The museum is the
city's number one tourist attraction and you would be forgiven for thinking that this
has something to do with its collection of 500,000 paintings. However, the museum's
popularity has more to do with another form of art, namely, film. During the film
"Rocky", the hero - played by Sylvester Stallone - runs up the front steps of the
building while he is training for a fight. Tourists arrive in bus loads, but many don't
even bother to enter the structure. They come merely for a glimpse of the scene
from this Academy Award-winning film.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
plan of annual expenditure
b) unique, without equal
c) a set which has been assembled or gathered
together
d) objects put on public or general display
e) excellent; fabulous
f) splendid and luxurious; resembling a palace in
size or appearance
g) something worth seeing; something that
fascinates people
h) condition of being favoured, widely-known, or
widely-liked
i) chief male character in a play, poem, or film
j) bring into a required physical condition
k) make the effort to do something
I) building
m) entirely, exclusively, only
n) a quick look
o) a unit of action or segment of a story in a play,
film, or television show
148 • ELS
EX E RCI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. We learn from the passage that the museum is very popular with tourists because
A)
Sylvester Stallone runs there every day
B) it has a wonderful collection of pieces of art from the Orient
C) it has over 500,000 paintings
D) the steps in front of it were used in a well-known film
E) so much money has been spent on it
2. According to the facts in the passage
A)
the steps of the art museum are regularly used by boxers to train for fights
B) Philadelphia's art museum has the largest collection of oriental art in the world
C) more tourists visit Philadelphia than any other American city
D) the film "Rocky" was the most expensive film ever made
E) for every dollar spent of the city budget, one cent of that dollar is spent on art
3. It's stated in the passage that Philadelphia's art museum is
A)
too expensive for many of the city's visitors to afford to enter
B) overshadowed by the beauty of Fairmount Park
C) visited by more tourists than all the other attractions in the city
D) the most elaborate and stately building in the entire city
E) the former training ground of the film star Sylvester Stallone
E X E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE
1.
1.
Her admirers waited outside the hotel for hours hoping to catch a/an
of
the film star, but she had already left through a side entrance.
2.
My friend's grandfather has a/an
of Aston Villa match programmes
dating from 1920.
3.
I got really annoyed when the children didn't even
to put their bicycles
away.
4. During our visit to Cappadocia, we drove past a/an
used in the 1977
science fiction film "Star Wars".
5. The Henry Ford Museum houses a collection of all forms of transportation. Among the
on display is a very early motor-driven tractor.
ELS
149
A C OU N TR Y W AL K
We started our hike at the Usk Bridge. Prom there, we walked around Park
Farm and then a short distance along the Monmouthshire and Brecon Canal until we
reached the old miners' path. We took this path and began to ascend the steep
hillside. The path led to the summit and to a pillar of rock, known locally as "Lonely
Shepherd." From this point, we had a wonderful view over the Usk valley. After
eating a hearty lunch, we descended back into the valley by the forest trail. Suddenly 1
the black clouds overhead, which had been menacing us with rain all day, rattled
I
with thunder and the heavens opened. As the rain was torrential, we took shelter in
I
an old shepherd's hut. Saturated with rain, we sat round chatting and waiting for the I
rain to ease, but it continued falling heavily. Having no other option, we continued
our hike, looking forward to a warm fire and a hot drink at the end.
E X E R C I S E 1
:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN
B
a) the amount of space between two points
b) a worker who digs coal, diamonds, etc., out of
the earth
c) a way which has been made by people walking
over it
d) climb up
e) highly inclined rise; rising sharply
f) the top of a hill or a mountain
g) a long slender vertical structure; column
h) a large mass of stone
i) nourishing; filling; abundant
j) climb down
k) a rough track through open country or forests
I) frighten; scare
m) make a series of short, sharp sounds in
succession
n) (of rain) pouring very rapidly and heavily
o) take refuge or protection; go into a place which
provides refuge or protection
(phrase)
p) a person who watches sheep
q) very wet; soaking
r) talk in a light, informal manner
s) lessen
150
EL S
E X E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The significance of the "Lonely Shepherd" mentioned in the passage was that
A)
he gave the hikers shelter in his hut
B) it was the name of the mountain the hikers climbed
C) the hikers had a marvellous view from it
D) it was a very steep climb
E) it was named after a local shepherd
2. We understand from the passage that the hikers ate their lunch
A)
on the banks of the Brecon Canal
B) in a shepherd's hut where they sheltered from the rain
C) in the valley on the way back to their camp
D) on the summit of the hill they climbed
E) very hastily in order not to be late
3. In the end, the hikers
A)
arrived at a hut, where they found a warm fire and a hot drink
B) had to continue their walk despite the rain
C) decided to wait until the torrential rain was over
D) made a fire in the forest to dry their wet clothes
E) were caught in a thunderstorm while still on the summit
EX E RC IS E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The station is quite a/an
to walk from here, so you should hire a taxi.
2.
Cappadocia has some very strange
formations known as fairy
chimneys.
3. We
from the gale in a cave along the beach.
4.
I didn't phone my friend for any specific reason. I just wanted to
with
someone about nothing in particular.
5.
It is too windy at the moment for parachuting, but we are hoping the wind will
this afternoon and we will be able to make a parachute jump.
ELS
15 1
FAKE ART
The art world is flooded with forgeries, it has been estimated that only about
half of the 600 works supposedly painted by Rembrandt are genuine. No great artist,
past or present, has been safe from having his or her work copied by a counterfeiter,
and some of the fakes have been so deceptive that only experts have been able to
discover them. The number of fake paintings hanging in the world's museums will
probably never be known because the museums fear for their reputations if it is
learnt that they harbour counterfeit "masterpieces". Many museum curators now will
accept a painting only after the most careful analysis and testing of its authenticity.
The falsifying of paintings and sculpture has been occurring since ancient times.
Occasionally people have knowingly purchased copies of art. Wealthy Romans, for
instance, demanded and received copies of famous Greek statues. But in the 20th
century, the market for fake art sold as being authentic has become very profitable,
since artworks are now bought as investments for private collections.
EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases In the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) arrive or occur in large quantities
b) a copy of a document, banknote, painting, etc.,
made in order to deceive people
c) according to what is generally thought, but not
known for certain
d) real; truly what it is said to be
e) a person who deliberately makes something
exactly like something else, in order to deceive
f) misleading; with the quality to trick people
g) the opinion that people in general have about
what someone or something is like
h) house in one's property, especially people or
things wanted by the police
i) a very great work of an artist, sculptor, author,
etc.
j) a person in charge of the objects or works of
art in a museum or art gallery
k) truly being what a person or thing is reported to
be
I) a thing that is worth buying because it will be
more valuable and thus profitable
15 2
•
ELS
EX ER CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. From the information given in the passage, it is clear that
A)
there are a large number of fake works of art in existence
B) counterfeit masterpieces are extremely rare, except for Rembrandt's paintings
C) counterfeiting masterpieces has become harder recently
D) wealthy Romans were often deceived and purchased fake copies of Greek statues
E) counterfeiters usually sell their products to museums or art galleries
2. It is stated in the passage that
A)
over half of Rembrandt's paintings are not masterpieces
B) all of the prominent painters' work has been copied
C) fakes are always easy to detect on examination
D) we will soon be sure of the exact number of forgeries hanging in the world's museums
E) it is not possible to prove a painting's authenticity
3. We understand from the passage that the people who manage art galleries and
museums
A)
are happy to assist the experts in examining all their paintings
B) make additional money by copying the works of art they look after
C) often hide counterfeiters who are hiding from the police
D) usually buy fake works of art when the originals are unavailable
E) seem to accept that, among their exhibits, there may be counterfeits
EX E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The government has made it clear that it is a serious and treasonable offence to
terrorists.
2. When Colonel Tucker resigned from the army, he became the
at his
regiment's armoury museum.
3.
He is not personally interested in Islamic Art, but he bought the two 16th-century Iznik tiles as
a/an
He is hoping their value will increase.
4. The tiles came with a certificate stating that experts had examined them, so there was no
doubt of their
5. The farmers are very angry because cheap New Zealand lamb has been
the market lately. The large quantities of this imported meat has driven
the price of Welsh lamb down.
ELS • 153
THE ORGAN OF VISION
The human eye is nature's most intricate and delicate organ, and the high
degree of development of human society probably rests upon the development of
this organ. When nature first developed this intricate and adaptable organism,
human eyes were used primarily for outdoor work and living. With the stress of
indoor life and artificial lighting, abnormal strain is placed on eyes today. Sometimes
more than nature's assistance is needed to keep eyes in shape for the many uses
they serve in modern life. It is also true that we have extended man's normal lifespan
to almost twice what it was in primitive societies. Visual deficiencies also increase
with age, and eyes usually need some corrective care as one grows older.
Undetected, uncorrected eye trouble can affect the entire personality structure and
can make the difference between success and failure in one's working life or
personal relations. Theodore Roosevelt, for instance, was slow and backward till it
was discovered that his vision was bad. After his defective sight was corrected, he
emerged as one of the leaders of his time.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
complicated; difficult to understand; having
many small parts or details
b) very sensitive to small changes or differences;
easily damaged
c) depend on; be supported by
(phrasal verb)
d) able to change in order to fit a new situation
e) essentially; mainly; in the first place
f) not natural; made by man
g) stress; pressure; difficulty
h) healthy; in good condition
(phrase)
i) make longer
j) period of time for which something is normally
expected to live or function properly
k) concerned with sight
I) weakness; shortage
m) not noticed
n) making less progress than normal
o) imperfect; faulty
p) come into view; become known
154 • ELS
EX E R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the writer there is a close relationship between
A)
the development of the eye and how much rest a person gets
B) the health of a person's eyes and his success
C) a person's age and how easy it is to detect eye trouble
D) the shape of the eye and its ability to cope with modern life
E) the use of artificial lighting and the age at which eye problems start
2. The writer states that people in modern societies
A)
rarely do any outdoor activities
B) have much healthier eyes than in the past
C) believe that having perfect vision is a sign of success
D) do not have eyes of the same shape eyes as people in primitive societies
E) live approximately twice as long as did those in "primitive ones
3. Modern living conditions
A)
have developed because man prefers artificial lighting
B) have caused the eye to change shape
C) require the eye to be used less frequently
D) put the eye under a lot of pressure
E) have lessened the incidence of defective eyesight
EX E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
I'm going to see my bank manager today to see if he will
the
repayment period of my loan.
2.
My friend never laughs or finds anything funny. I think he has a sense of humour
3.
Discipline at the school is
the responsibility of the individual teachers.
4. During the investigation, it
that all of the directors had been aware of
the embezzlement from the start.
5.
The
of her divorce has left her in a deep depression.
ELS
15 5
QUEEN VICTORIA
The long reign of Queen Victoria was a time of almost uninterrupted peace and
great progress. The rapid growth of industry made Britain the world's leading
industrial nation - "the workshop of the world", as it was called - and the British
Empire reached the height of its power when Queen Victoria was proclaimed
Empress of India in 1876. During her long life, which lasted 82 years, the Queen
herself became a symbol of Britain's greatness. In 1840, Victoria married Prince
Albert and lived happily with him until he died in 1861. After his death she led a
lonely life, withdrew from public affairs, and could only rarely be persuaded to visit
London. When she died in 1901 after a reign of 63 years, the world stood on the
threshold of the 20th century, and many British people felt that a great age had gone
for ever.
EXERCISE 1: Find words or phrases In the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) period of rule
b) without breaks; continuous
c) very fast
d) place where things are made or repaired
e) declare; announce publicly or officially
f) move back from; decide to take no
further part in
g) service of, or matters concerning, the people;
task of government
(phrase)
h) entrance; beginning
156 • ELS
EX E R CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In 1861
A)
the British Empire conquered India
B) Queen Victoria gave up the throne of Great Britain
C) Prince Albert became Queen Victoria's husband
D) industry began to grow rapidly
E) Queen Victoria lost her husband
2. During the reign of Queen Victoria,
A)
the British Empire was formed
B) other countries lived in fear of Britain's power
C) Britain was involved in hardly any wars
D) public affairs were the sole responsibility of the monarch
E) the only country to have industrialized was Britain
3. Queen Victo,
:
as death
A)
came about because she was so lonely without her husband
B) brought about the collapse of the British Empire
C) left Britain ill-equipped to enter the 20th century
D) was considered by many to be the end of an era
E) caused the era of peace to come to an end
EX E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE
1.
1.
Because of allegations made in the press, the candidate was forced to
from the election.
2. They made such
progress that they completed the course in half the
normal time.
3.
I would love to have a few hours of
relaxation, but it's impossible with
the demands the children put on me.
4. We'll take your machine into the
and see if we can find out what's
wrong with it.
5.
In celebration of the royal wedding, the day was
a public holiday.
ELS • 15 7
UPPER-INTERMEDIATE
PASSAGES
HEALTH EDUCATION
The doctor-patient relationship is of the greatest importance to the effective use
of health services. Studies conducted in England and the United States show that
many people resort to self-treatment, and that this is due to a barrier between the
doctor and themselves, which makes them too diffident to consult the doctor. At the
other end of the scale is the person who believes that the doctor is infallible and who
expects miraculous treatment. Thus, the need for health education emerges at this
point, not with the aim of making every man his own doctor, but rather with the aim
of helping people to judge for themselves when they need professional help. For
example, a simple cut on a finger will usually respond to first-aid and a simple
dressing to protect it and keep it clean, which can easily be done at home. If the
injury occurred in circumstances or places in which dangerous infection was likely -
e.g. in cultivated land that might contain tetanus spores - then the patient should
consult his doctor. In any case, he should be able to recognize the signs of
inflammation, in which case he should consult his doctor.
(From
A Textbook of Health Education
by Denis Pirrie and A.J. Dalzell-Ward)
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
having desirable results
b) carry out
c) apply to a solution when there is no other way
d) obstacle
e) lacking confidence
f) go to a person for advice
g) just the opposite
(phrase)
h) faultless
i) close to impossibility
J) so
k) appear; come out
I) react favourably
m) situation
n) hot and painful swelling of an injury
l 6 o • ELS
E X E RC I S E
2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The doctor-patient relationship
A)
is only effective if the patient trusts his doctor
B) can be stronger when a network of health services is formed in the country
C) is weaker especially in rural areas, where people are apt to be more hesitant
D) can be regularized by teaching people not to consult a professional about their injuries unless
absolutely necessary
E) is a most significant point in enabling health services to work efficiently
2. While some patients are rather hesitant about seeking medical treatment
A)
some people have a good knowledge of the medical services in the country
B) some patients are rather unaware of what to expect as a citizen from the medical authorities
C) others are complaining about the lack of medical services
D) many of them don't even know how to apply first-aid
E) others believe doctors are never mistaken and can cure any illness
3. It is emphasized in the passage that every person
A)
should know something about medical treatment in case it is needed urgently
B) needs a certain amount of health education so as to know, at least, when to consult a doctor
C) should have confidence in doctors, who try their best to help the sick
D) has the right to benefit from health services equally
E) should be aware of the circumstances in which doctors are performing their duties
E X E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
After only a short time, caterpillars
from their cocoons as adult
butterflies.
2.
If
had been different, we might have been able to take a summer
holiday this year.
3. She had to
to washing her clothes by hand as the washing machine
was not working.
4.
The pilot made a
landing considering that both engines had failed.
5. The police are investigating the way in which the company has
its
business over the last year.
ELS • 1 6 1
DARWIN'S THEORY OF EVOLUTION
Never has a scientist, with one book, caused such a stir in the
world as Darwin did with
The Origin of Species.
His ideas, the fruit of
many years of patient thought and study, were attacked by learned and
ignorant alike. He was called a madman, a deceiver, and an anti-Christian.
Long and bitter quarrels arose, and most religious people of that time
attacked him. They accused him of trying to destroy religion and morals completely,
though Darwin, of course, had no such intention. His book dealt in a scientific way with a
problem of science, and the only critics he answered were those who attacked him on
scientific grounds. His refusal to return abuse did not stop his enemies, however. The
newspapers were filled with letters and articles pouring scorn on the very idea of
evolution and the less the writers knew about the subject, the more violent their attack
was. Darwin, however, was well-supported by a few able scientists, who untiringly spread
what he taught. He gathered so many facts, and built so surely on these unanswerable
facts, that his ideas carried great weight once they were understood. After the first
stormy outbursts had died away, men began to see things Darwin's way. Slowly and
quietly, Darwin's teachings conquered the world.
(From
Seven Biologists
by T.H. Savory, F.E Joselin and John Walton)
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
process of change over the years due to
environmental conditions
b) disturbance
c) starting-point
d) group of animals sharing many common
characteristics
e) uneducated
f) in the same way; similarly; both
g) extremely unpleasant
h) for scientific reasons
(phrase)
i) declining to reply back with insults
(phrase)
j) cover with contempt
(phrase)
k) fierce; aggressive
i) feverish attacks
(phrase)
m) win; overcome
162 • ELS
E XE R C I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Darwin's theory of evolution
A)
failed to be understood clearly because it wasn't well supported with facts
B) was eventually admitted, although it had been severely attacked at first
C) was difficult to defend because of its unanswerable points
D) was regarded as a great success on scientific grounds
E) became popular only after he died
2. Darwin
A)
replied to the criticism only of those who attacked his theory scientifically
B) was discouraged when he received such severe attacks from the scientists
C) was an anti-Christian who had been trying to alter the moral values of society
D) was able to find only a few supporters with his theory of evolution
E) also used unrepeatable words for those who had attacked him so severely
3. It is stated in the passage that
A)
Darwin had missed some facts about the origin of species
B) Darwin couldn't answer some of the questions satisfactorily for fear that he would be isolated
from other Christians .
C) Darwin received the most severe attacks from those who had the least knowledge of his
theory
D) Darwin became confident only when a few of his close friends helped him spread his
teachings
E) none of Darwin's previous books had caused such a quarrel among the public
E X E RC I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
•
1.
We now know there are four
of malarial parasite and all of them are
transmitted by female Anopheles mosquitoes.
2. The unexpected arrival of the President at the conference caused quite a
amongst the delegates.
3. Most English words have their
in Latin.
4.
Toy Story
was a movie that appealed to the young and the old
5. The recent
cold has probably been the cause of the current flu
epidemic.
ELS
163
TIMING THE CRITICISM
One of the chief faults in the ordinary method of giving "moral" instruction is in
the time of day chosen for it. The parent sees that when the child is absorbed in
work or play, the instruction passes over his head; he pays no attention. But at night,
when he cuddles up on his mother's knee and loves her very much, and wants
complete rest and a sense of security, she is apt to fail him and to cheat him of his
wish by beginning her moral lesson of how she would like her little boy to behave.
This completely spoils his sense of security and rest, and sets up a mental struggle,
a wish to defend himself, which is a great cause of fatigue, for fatigue is at all times
brought about much more by psychic than by physical experience. "Moral"
instruction should be kept for an early hour in the day, when the creative impulse in
the child is fresh. It will then do much less harm. Because a sense of inferiority is
very easily set up in children, and because it is one of the most destructive of those
neurotic disorders which incapacitate us for living, this advice should be followed
strictly by parents wishing to bring up healthy children.
E X ER C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
directions for right behaviour
(phrase)
b) involved and concentrated
c) go in one ear and out the other
(phrase)
d) curl upforwarmth
(phrase)
e) have a tendency
(phrase)
f) ruin
g) initiate; start
(phrase)
h) argument in the mind
(phrase)
i) exhaustion
j) of the mind
k) of the body
I) the motivation to create
(phrase)
m) undervaluing oneself
(phrase)
n) disturbance of the mind
(phrase)
o) make unable; handicap
16 4
ELS
E X E RC IS E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. It is pointed out in the passage that
A)
criticism made at a wrongly-chosen time has a destructive effect on the child
B) moral instruction should be given around the time of the action which necessitates it
C) the child's play shouldn't be interrupted for criticism, for it makes him act in a defensive
manner
D) when the child is criticized severely, he loses his sense of security and rest
E) the child, not given proper moral instruction, will become spoilt
2. It is emphasized in the passage that
A)
parents should be constructive in their criticism, not destructive
B) the child should be directed to create something worthwhile instead of being criticized all the
time
C) the child must be given moral instruction however harmful it may be, or he won't learn the
moral values of society
D) the child should be criticized in a low voice rather than a loud one so that the criticism can be
effective
E) the harmful effect of criticism can be reduced by choosing a proper time for it
3. The writer
A)
is opposed to giving the child moral instruction
B) says that if the child has a sense of inferiority, he will eventually become more mischievous
C) warns parents to be careful about when to criticize their children
D) states that when the child is tricked by unbelievable explanations, he loses confidence in his
parents
E) points out that any failure of the child causes great fatigue in him
E X E RC IS E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
Every evening, I like nothing better than to
with a good book in front of
an open fire.
2.
He finds it very difficult to make new friends because of his great
3. The driver was so
in changing the cassette that he didn't see the other
car and collided with it.
4. Overcome with
the climbers were unable to complete the final ascent.
5. She's so gullible that she
to believe whatever you tell her.
ELS • 165
HAGIA SOPHIA
Consecrated in 537 AD, Hagia Sophia - which means Holy Wisdom - was the
largest building in the world, fireproof, with four immense pillars held together with
molten lead which supported four arches and lesser domes, creating a space so
overwhelming it seems to defy the laws of gravity. Indeed, people were scared to enter
it at first in case the dome collapsed. The designs were drawn up by Anthemius of
Tralles, a noted mathematician, and Isidorus of Miletus, the last head of the Athens
Academy. Colour was provided by stone and marble brought from other parts of the
Justinian empire: red from the temple of Boalbek and green from Ephesus. At one time
it was bright with golden ornaments and chandeliers. With the
Turkish conquest in 1453, it became a mosque, with the addition
of the corner minarets, and many of the decorations were
concealed with whitewash. These were gradually restored by
Thomas Whittemore, of the Byzantine Museum of America,
after the building became a museum on the instructions of
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in 1933.
E X E R CI S E 1:
Find words or
phrases
in the
passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
officially declare an object or a building to be
holy
b) knowledge or understanding of what is true and
right
c) unable to be damaged by fire
d) extremely large
e) a tall column of stone, wood, etc., which
supports something in a building
f) liquefied form of something solid, e.g. metal,
which has been heated
g) a curved structure in a building, e.g. in the roof,
above a door
h) smaller
i) a round roof, e.g. the roof of a mosque
j) causing a feeling of being small, helpless, and
astonished
k) go against; refuse to obey
I) the force which makes things stay on or drop to
the ground instead of staying in the air
m) well-known; admired
n) building used for worship
o) thing used for decoration
p) something hanging from the ceiling which
consists of several branches of lights
q) hide
166 • ELS
E X ER CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Since 1933, Hagia Sophia
A)
has had several minarets added
B) has been a mosque
C) has been the largest building in the world
D) has been a museum
E) has had some more pillars added
2. With its immense structure, Hagia Sophia
A)
is the largest building in the world
B) has always frightened people
C) is still the biggest church
D) has survived several big fires in its history
E) was once unique in the world
3. We can conclude from the passage that
A)
the materials used to build Hagia Sophia were brought from several places
B) the Byzantine Museum of America took charge of Hagia Sophia after a long struggle
C) the Byzantines had whitewashed most of the decorations in Hagia Sophia to conceal them
from the Ottomans
D) most of the golden ornaments and chandeliers in Hagia Sophia were destroyed during the
war
E) in 1933, Atatürk assigned Thomas Whittemore to restore the decorations in Hagia Sophia
EX E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The girl's face was partially
by an enormous hat.
2.
Despite constant warnings, the children still
the notices not to swim in
the river.
3. When she looked from the tenth floor apartment window she found the height so
it made her afraid.
4. The company's new ship is so
that it can carry over three thousand
passengers.
5.
He was found guilty of murder, but acquitted of several other
charges.
ELS • 167
THE LOST SETTLERS
In 1587, a group of 115 English settlers - men, women and children - sailed
from Britain to set up the first English colony in the New World, on Roanoke Island
off what is now North Carolina. Two years later, a second expedition set off from
England to join them. However, when they arrived, they found the settlement
deserted. There were no indications of where the settlers had gone, nor any sign of
a struggle, but just one word mysteriously scratched on a tree: "Croatoan". This was
the name of a nearby island where the Indians were known to be friendly, but a trip
to the island showed that the settlers had never arrived there. One theory is that
they travelled inland, up into the hills of Appalachia, and settled there. No one knows
why they might have done this, but fifty years later, when European explorers arrived
in Tennessee, the Cherokee Indians told them that there was a group of pale people
living in the hills already, people who wore clothes and had long beards.
No one ever found this mysterious community. But in a remote and neglected
corner of the Appalachians, high up in northeastern Tennessee, there still live some
curious people called Melungeons, who have been there for as long as anyone can
remember. The Melungeons have most of the characteristics of Europeans - blue
eyes, fair hair, lanky build - but a dark, almost Negroid skin coloring that is distinctly
non-European. They have English family names, but no one, including the
Melungeons themselves, has any idea of where they come from or what their early
history might have been. They are as much of a mystery as the lost settlers of
Roanoke Island. Indeed, it has been suggested that they may be the lost settlers of
Roanoke.
(Adapted from The
Lost Continent
by Bill Bryson)
EX E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
establish; start
(phrase)
b) organized journey, with several people, for
a
special reason, e.g., to visit new places, to
hunt, etc.
c) empty because everyone has left
d) signs, clues which give you an idea about
something
e) make marks on something using something
sharp
f) away from the sea; towards the middle of a
country
g) people who travel to a place to find out about it,
because they have never been there before
h) light in colour, especially for skin
i) far from other places and people
j) unusual; strange; interesting
k) tall and thin, often looking clumsy
I) having the physical features of black Africans
m) very clearly
168
ELS
EX E RC IS E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The second expedition from England to Roanoke Island
A)
was lost mysteriously and never found
B) established the first colony there
C) arrived there two years after the first
D) preferred to settle down in Croatoan, where the Indians were friendly
E) joined the first expedition two years later
2. Although it hasn't been proved,
A)
the first settlers of Roanoke are believed to have been killed by the Indians
B) Melungeons are thought to be descendants of the lost settlers of Roanoke
C) the boat carrying the first expedition might have capsized on her way to the island
D) the Indians living in Croatoan might have concealed something from the searchers
E) the indications of a struggle in the deserted settlement of the first expedition meant they had
been attacked
3. No one has definitely been able to say that Melungeons are the lost settlers of Roanoke,
because
A)
there are some other theories about the origins of Melungeons
B) Melungeons themselves claim to be descended from Cherokee Indians, living in Tennessee
C) historians say Melungeons have never settled on Roanoke Island
D) some of the information found out about the mysterious disappearance of the first settlers
was confusing
E) there is no information available as to their ancestry
EX E R CI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The cat viciously
the man's hand.
2.
Bright pink is a very
colour to paint your living room.
3. You're looking very
! Are you sure you feel okay?
4. This milk has a
cheesy flavour. I don't think it's fresh.
5. The kidnappers took their hostage to a
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