particular ways in which a woman and a man are expected to behave and the
activities each is expected to engage in. In a culture in which both men and women
are expected to be outgoing and active, women may be expected to take a lot of
initiative in personal relations between men and women, while men may be expected
to take the initiative in public, community activities. In other cultures it is expected
that the personalities of women and men will be complementary. The personality of
women is based on one set of temperamental traits and that of men on another. In
such a culture women may be expected to be passive, gentle and modest, while
men may be expected to be active and self-assertive in whatever activities persons
of either sex engage in.
m
On the basis of research I have carried out, I believe that there are male and
1 female versions of the same temperament. Temperamentally there are male as well
I as female introverts and extroverts, fiercely brave women as well as fiercely brave
I men, shy and gentle men as well as shy and gentle women. Every society
I emphasizes an expected personality for each sex. Sometimes both men and women
• are expected to have the same kind of personality. That is, both men and women
1 are expected to be outgoing, active people or, on the contrary, introspective,
1 meditative people. In cultures where this is so, sex differences are reflected in the
• particular ways in which a woman and a man are expected to behave and the
1 activities each is expected to engage in. In a culture in which both men and women
I are expected to be outgoing and active, women may be expected to take a lot of
I initiative in personal relations between men and women, while men may be expected
I to take the initiative in public, community activities. In other cultures it is expected
1 that the personalities of women and men will be complementary. The personality of
I women is based on one set of temperamental traits and that of men on another. In
1 such a culture women may be expected to be passive, gentle and modest, while
I men may be expected to be active and self-assertive in whatever activities persons
1 of either sex engage in.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) basic nature or character
b) person who thinks more about himself than
about the outside world and is often shy
c) person who is active, lively and sociable and
finds it easy to talk to others
d) strongly; intensely
e) spending a lot of time examining one's own
thoughts, ideas and feelings; with careful and
serious thought
f) thinking carefully and seriously
g) mirror [verb]; show
h) become involved in
i) make the first move; lead
(phrase)
j) particular characteristic or quality
k) extremely confident about oneself and insisting
on displaying one's confidence to others
174 • ELS
E XE RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The expectations about men's and women's personalities
A)
develop from the way in which people perceive their own parents
B) can make it difficult for them to have any individuality
C) vary according to the society they live in
D) dictate that men and women should behave in the same way
E) are different depending on whether the person is in public or not
2. The writer thinks that men and women can have the same temperament in different
forms because
A)
he has made investigations into this subject
B) he believes there are only two basic types of people: introverts and extroverts
C) cultures will not allow any personality differences
D) they learn their behaviour from each other
E) basic human character is essentially the same for everyone
3. In some cultures, the personalities of men and women
A) are
so similar that it is difficult to differentiate between them
B) are very critically observed and judged
C) cannot be regarded separately
D) are expected to balance each other
E) cause many conflicts between the two sexes
E X E R C I S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
The way a person decorates his house usually
his personality.
2.
I've invited him to come out with us on several occasions, but he is such a/an
that he prefers to stay at home.
3. The fire blazed
for many hours before they managed to put it out.
4.
If I hadn't
to book a holiday myself, we would have ended up going
nowhere.
5. The book made gave so many new ideas to him that he was quiet and
for many days.
ELS • 175
I
ACTIVE NOISE CONTROL
Imagine living next door to Luciano Pavarotti. You love the big guy, but his full-
throated practice sessions are rattling the china. To silence the booming tenor, you
could do one of three things: ask him to practice his Puccini outside; wear earplugs
around your apartment; or put some rock music on your CD player, crank up the
volume, and drown out Pavarotti's voice. The last option wouldn't be smart,
obviously, since you'd only be creating more noise. But what if the sounds coming
from your CD were the acoustic mirror image of the sound waves coming out of
Pavarotti's mouth? Instead of doubling the amount of noise, they would actually
cancel it out, zap it from the air. What you'd be left with is peace and quiet. The idea
of stifling Pavarotti or any human voice by scientific means is a bit fanciful, of
course. But the theory behind it - something acoustics scientists call antinoise - is
not. In fact, some of the biggest electronics companies in Japan take the concept
seriously and, together with a few small American firms, are making "active noise
control" (ANC) devices to help quiet the daily din. These are small but sophisticated
sound systems that analyze noise digitally and then - almost instantaneously -
generate equal but inverse sound waves, or antinoise. A typical ANC device can
weaken a targeted noise by 10 to 15 decibels. For most industrial noise, that means
reducing the sound level by 50 to 70 percent.
EX E R CI S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
man
(informal word)
b) make lots of short, rapid, knocking sounds
c) cups, saucers, plates, etc.
d) making a loud, deep, echoing sound
e) switch on or turn up (quickly) and to a very high
level
(phrase)
f) make one sound so loud that it is impossible to
hear another
(phrase)
g) clever
h) reflection which is either exactly the same, or
the same but reversed
(phrase)
i) eliminate by "shooting"
j) stop from continuing; suppress
k) imaginary; not based on reality
I) long-lasting, loud and unpleasant noise
m) immediately; without delay
n) reversed; exactly opposite
176 • ELS
E XE R CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. According to the passage, the new device
A)
can make the noise it's aimed at 10 to 15 decibels quieter
B) lowers all industrial noise by at least half
C) generates sound waves of 10 to 15 decibels
D) can weaken a noise of 10 to 15 decibels by 50 to 70 per cent
E) instantaneously reduces noise to a level of 10 to 15 decibels
2. According to the writer, it is unrealistic to
A)
wear earplugs to block out noise
B) expect to live in peace and quiet
C) take the theory of antinoise seriously
D) suppress human voices scientifically
E) play rock music CDs too loudly
3. The device manufactured by some Japanese and American firms
A)
has solved the problem of industrial noise
B) generates sound waves which are much louder than the targeted noise
C) produces sound waves which partially cancel out the problem noise
D) is not big enough to be able to eliminate all noise
E) reflects the problem sound waves back onto themselves
E XE RCI S E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
That child is obviously very
because she can already beat just about
anybody at cards or video games, and she's only seven.
2. With so much traffic on the roads it is
to think you can drive to work in
just ten minutes.
3. We must get that window fixed. Everytime the wind blows, you can hear it
in its frame.
4. Being able to understand words and sentences
, without having to
translate them first, is a sign of good progress when learning a language.
5. We were unable to continue with the lesson because the noise from the building work
the teacher's voice.
ELS • 177
FAITH IN DRUGS
This is a skeptical age, but although our faith in many of the things in which our
forefathers fervently believed has weakened, our confidence in the curative
properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same as theirs.The majority of the
patients attending the outpatient departments of our hospitals feel that they have not
received adequate treatment unless they are able to carry home with them some
tangible remedy in the shape of a bottle of medicine, a box of pills, or a small jar of
ointment, and the doctor in charge of the department is only too ready to provide
them with these requirements. There is no quicker method of disposing of patients
than by giving them what they are asking for, and since most medical personnel in
the health services are overworked and have little time for offering time-consuming
and little-appreciated advice on such subjects as diet, right living, and the need for
abandoning bad habits, etc., the bottle, the box, and the jar are almost always
granted to them.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
questioning; full of doubts; not likely to believe
something
b) ancestors
c) passionately; strongly and sincerely
d) person receiving treatment from a hospital
during the day, but not staying overnight
e) concrete; able to be seen; real
f) thick, medicinal substance used on the skin
g) give to; allow (to have)
178 • ELS
E X ER CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Most outpatients assess the quality of the treatment on
A)
how overworked the doctors are
B) the speed at which they are dealt with
C) whether they are given any medicine
D) the standard of the advice they receive
E) the willingness of the doctor to help them
2. According to the passage, generally doctors
A)
have abandoned their bad habits
B) do not provide adequate treatment
C) won't give patients what they ask for
D) are too busy to give advice
E) are very skeptical about medicines
3. The writer states that people
A)
have always trusted medicine
B) think that outpatient departments don't give good treatment
C) no longer have confidence in doctors
D) are unaware of how overworked medical men are
E) never ask doctors for advice
EX E RC IS E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
My boss has
me permission to have a few days off work next week.
2. Some people supported the scheme, but most were
as to its chances
of success.
3. There are no
reasons for me to dislike him. It's just a feeling I have.
4. You'll find some
in the bathroom cabinet. It'll help soothe that wound.
5.
She
supports her husband in everything he does.
ELS • 179
THE LOCH NESS MONSTER
Loch Ness is an immensely deep lake in the northeastern Highlands of
Scotland. It is overlooked by brooding hills and wild moorland - the perfect setting
for strange and unexplained events. In 1933, a motorist on the new lakeside road
saw a tremendous upheaval in the loch*. The waters churned and boiled as a huge
monster, its body the size of a whale, broke the surface. The incident was reported
in the local paper, and soon the national press was buzzing with news of what came
to be called "The Loch Ness Monster." But legends of large water creatures in Loch
Ness go back much further than 1933. In the 6th century AD, the Irish missionary
Saint Columba was said to have banished a monster which had attacked a
swimmer. And local folk tales, going back centuries, speak of "water horses" and
"water bulls" inhabiting Loch Ness. Scientists have seriously suggested that large
creatures may have been stranded in the loch, when 60 million years ago it was cut
off from the sea. Perhaps their descendants live there still. But despite hazy
photographs, mostly highly magnified, of strange "humps" in the water, there is very
little evidence, as yet, to go on.
*The Scottish word for "lake".
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a) have a view of from above
b) threatening; causing one to feel nervous
c) open, uncultivated area of land, usually high
d) disturbance
e) move or stir violently
f) bubble; show a lot of activity
g) send away and not allow to return, as a
punishment
h) be unable to leave a place; be stuck
i) not clear or distinct
j) make bigger (in appearance)
k) round lumps, (e.g. on the back of a camel)
180 • ELS
E X E R CI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. The legends about the Loch Ness Monster
A)
were first reported in 1933
B) stem from the times when water bulls and horses lived in the loch
C) are based on scientific evidence
D) originated hundreds of years ago
E) were passed on by Irish missionaries
2. We can infer that Loch Ness
A)
is full of the descendants of large creatures
B) used to be connected to the sea
C) is very popular with photographers
D) usually has hazy weather
E) is deeper than most other lakes
3. According to the writer,
A)
monsters have lived in Loch Ness for 60 million years
B) the water in Loch Ness is a very high temperature
C) nobody has actually seen the Loch Ness monster
D) the Loch Ness monster looks like a whale
E) the surroundings of Loch Ness are the ideal location for unusual happenings
EX ERC IS E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
When we ran out of money on holiday we thought we would
, but
fortunately we were able to borrow some to pay for our journey home.
2. The worst thing about moving house is all the
it causes. It takes ages
to get things back into order.
3. The room we had in the hotel had a lovely, large balcony
the sea.
4.
It was a really
day, so we could hardly see the mountains on the other
side of the bay.
5. When studying the cells of a plant in biology, you have to
the images
several times so that they can be seen clearly.
ELS • 181
THE PUFFER FISH
Ian Fleming's* evil globefish - also known as a puffer, blowfish, swellfish, or, in
Japanese,
fugu
- is one of the most mysterious creatures of the sea. It is perhaps
the world's most deadly fish, yet in Japan the honorable
fugu
is the perfect example
of gourmet dining. With its lazy, almost feeble way of swimming, the puffer fish gives
no hint of its deadly nature. Here is no shark knifing through the water, with gleaming
jaws agape; but the poison hidden in the puffer's entrails makes it fearsome indeed.
About 100 species of puffers in several closely related families can be found
throughout the world. Their most obvious characteristic is their ability to change from
a
reasonable fish shape into a sphere two or three times larger. When frightened,
excited, or annoyed, they gulp water, or even air, into
a
sac on the belly. It swells
inside their tough, elastic skin, like an inner tube inside a tire, so as to discourage
predators or intimidate rivals. When the fish feels safe, it squirts out the water or
releases the air, deflating to its normal shape.
* Ian Fleming: author of the James Bond novels
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
worthy of respect or admiration
(used ironically
in the text)
b) involving high-quality or exotic ingredients and
skilled preparation
c) weak; lacking energy
d) clue; slight indication
e) reflecting light; softly shining
f) framework of the mouth to which the teeth are
attached
g) with the mouth wide open
h) inside parts of the body including the stomach
i) frightening
j) acceptable; not unusual
k) globe; the shape of a ball
I) swallow very quickly and in large amounts
m) small bag-like structure containing air, liquid,
etc., found in an animal or plant
n) stomach
o) become larger in volume and rounder
p) strong; difficult to tear or cut
q) an animal that hunts other animals for food
r) frighten; threaten; cause to lose confidence
s) force liquid, etc., out through a narrow opening,
in a thin, fast stream or jet
t) cause to become smaller by letting the air, etc.,
out
182
•
ELS
EX E RCI S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. In its appearance, the puffer fish
A)
resembles a shark with its jaws open
B) looks as if it would taste delicious
C) is both extraordinary and fearsome
D) doesn't seem to be deadly
E) looks like no other creature in the sea
2. In certain situations, the puffer fish
A)
squirts water at its rivals
B) hides its deadly nature by swimming feebly
C) can increase in size
D) will even attack sharks
E) inflicts a poisonous bite
3. Despite its deadly poison, the puffer fish
A)
is a much favored delicacy in Japan
B) is frequently preyed upon by other fish
C) never feels safe when other sea creatures are nearby
D) prefers to attack its enemies with its teeth
E) cannot adequately defend itself
EX E RC IS E 3:
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
I thought the bill for that meal was quite
especially considering the
huge portions they served.
2. After her fall, her knee
up to nearly twice its normal size.
3. The children had a lot of fun
water at each other using old liquid
dishsoap bottles.
4. The chairman tried to
several of the board members into voting for him
at the next election, but failed completely.
5. The
golden dome of the mosque could, on a sunny day, be seen for
miles.
ELS • 183
SPARTACUS
For many years, the name of the Thracian slave Spartacus struck fear into the
hearts of the Roman people. It served to remind them of the danger that constantly
menaced the continued existence of their state - the danger of an uprising of the
enormous slave population, which might destroy the Roman nation. Scholars have
calculated that in ancient Italy the slaves outnumbered the free citizens 3 to 1. If
these slaves, who resented the brutal treatment they received as household and
plantation labourers, had succeeded in uniting under capable leadership, no armies
could have withstood them. There were many slave uprisings in the history of Rome,
but the most formidable was that headed by Spartacus in 73 BC. After escaping
from the school of gladiators at Capua, he fled to Mount Vesuvius, where he
collected an army of runaway slaves like himself. For two years he terrorized Italy,
defeating army after army sent against him from Rome. The insurrection was finally
crushed by the Roman commander Marcus Licinius Crassus. Spartacus and 6,000
of his followers were slain.
E X E R C I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
a person who is owned by another person and
has to work for him
b) produce feelings of terror in someone
(phrase)
c) continually; always
d) threaten; bring danger to
e) work out; make a firm guess about something
f) be larger in number
g) the people of a nation
h) feel angry and bitter about
i) rough and cruel
j) people who do the work on a large farm
(two
words)
k) having ability; effective
I) resist; remain unharmed
m) hard to overcome; strong and powerful
n) escaped [adjective]
o) frighten people by using violence
p) rebellion; revolt
q) be destroyed; be finished off
r) be killed
18 4
ELS
EX E RC I S E 2:
Choose the correct answer according to the passage.
1. Spartacus's name made the Romans afraid because
A)
he was a very aggressive and dangerous man
B) his attitude towards other slaves was brutal
C) he could get support from other nations
D) he was a symbol of the danger of a slave rebellion
E) he was supported by a number of officers in the Roman army
2. According to scholars, in ancient Italy,
A)
the slave population was almost as big as that of Roman citizens
B) every family owned at least three slaves
C) there were more slaves than free citizens
D) some of the slaves were specially educated
E) slaves sometimes overthrew their masters
3. The author believes that a unity of slaves headed by a capable leader
A)
played a major role in battles against Roman forces
B) would have been strong enough to beat any army
C) helped Spartacus win the battle at Mount Vesuvius
D) would increase production on plantations
E) would still find it extremely hard to resist experienced Roman soldiers
EX E R CI S E 3."
Complete the sentences by selecting words from Column B in EXERCISE 1.
1.
I wasn't too surprised to learn that the girls
the boys in the ballet class
by 10 to 1.
2.
Beginning in the 13th century, the Italian cities built
merchant fleets,
acquired islands and coastal territories as commercial bases, and soon established a rich
trade in spices, indigo, and other Eastern goods.
3. Karen really
the fact that her male colleagues are doing the same job
as her but earning more.
4. You don't need to worry about Molly - she's quite
of looking after
herself.
5.
Steve
that he would be able to afford a decent holiday if he managed
to save about £15 a week.
ELS • 1 8 5
THE CHINESE LANGUAGE
China is the only country in the world with a literature written in one script for
more than 3,000 consecutive years. This continuity results largely from the nature of
the written language itself. It is the use of characters, not letters as in Western
languages, that is most important in the Chinese language. The characters stand for
things or ideas and so, unlike groups of letters, they cannot, and need never be,
sounded. Thus Chinese could be read by people in all parts of the country in spite of
gradual changes in pronunciation, the emergence of regional dialects, and
modification of the characters. The dominance of the written language has had
significant effects on the development of the literature. In handwriting or in print, a
piece of literature has visual appeal. This has given rise to the great respect that
calligraphy enjoys in China, where it has been regarded for at least sixteen centuries
as a fine art comparable to painting. The main disadvantage of written Chinese,
however, is the great number of characters it contains: Even basic reading and
writing require a knowledge of more than 1,000 characters.
E X E RC I S E 1:
Find words or phrases in the passage which mean the same as:
COLUMN A
COLUMN B
a)
any system of writing
b) following one after the other without a break or
gap [adjective]
c) the state of being without a break; the state of
carrying on without interruption [noun]
d) mostly; mainly
e) the particular quality of something
f) represent
(phrase)
g) (be) spoken
h) happening slowly and by degrees
i) the state of something developing and
becoming known; coming into existence
j) a variety of a language that is spoken in one
Dostları ilə paylaş: |