Practice Test: Academic Reading
READING PASSAGE 3
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 28-40 which are based on Reading
Passage 3 below.
The Pursuit of Happiness
New research uncovers some
anti-intuitive insights into how
many people are happy - and why.
Compared with misery, happiness is
relatively unexplored terrain for social
scientists, Between 1967 and 1994, 46,380
articles indexed in
Psychological Abstracts
mentioned depression, 36,851 anxiety, and
5,099 anger. Only 2,389 spoke of
happiness, 2,340 life satisfaction, and 405
joy.
Recently we and other researchers have
begun a systematic study of happiness.
During the past two decades, dozens of
investigators throughout the world have
asked several hundred thousand
representatively sampled people to reflect
on their happiness and satisfaction with life
- or what psychologists call "subjective
well-being". In the US the National Opinion
Research Center at the University of
Chicago has surveyed a representative
sample of roughly 1,500 people a year
since 1957; the Institute for Social
Research at the University of Michigan has
carried out similar studies on a less regular
basis, as has the Gallup Organization.
Government-funded efforts have also
probed the moods of European countries,
We have uncovered some surprising
findings. People are happier than one might
expect, and happiness does not appear to
depend significantly on external
circumstances. Although viewing life as a
tragedy has a long and honorable history,
the responses of random samples of
people around the world about their
happiness paints a much rosier picture. In
the University of Chicago surveys, three in
10 Americans say they are very happy, for
example. Only one in 10 chooses the most
negative description "not too happy". The
majority describe themselves as "pretty
happy", ...
How can social scientists measure
something as hard to pin down as
happiness? Most researchers simply ask
people to report their feelings of happiness
or unhappiness and to assess how
satisfying their lives are. Such self-reported
well-being is moderately consistent over
years of retesting. Furthermore, those who
say they are happy and satisfied seem
happy to their close friends and family
members and to a psychologist-interviewer.
Their daily mood ratings reveal more
positive emotions, and they smile more
than those who call themselves unhappy.
Self-reported happiness also predicts other
indicators of well-being. Compared with the
depressed, happy people are less self-
focused, less hostile and abusive, and less
susceptible to disease.
We have found that the even distribution
of happiness cuts across almost all
demographic classifications of age,
economic class, race and educational level.
In addition, almost all strategies for
assessing subjective well-being - including
those that sample people's experience by
polling them at random times with beepers
- turn up similar findings.
Interviews with representative samples of
people of all ages, for example, reveal that
no time of life is notably happier or
unhappier. Similarly, men and women are
equally likely to declare themselves "very
From "The Pursuit of Happiness" by David G, Myers and Ed Diener.
Copyright © May 1996 by Scientific American, Inc. All rights reserved.