The ministry of higher and secondary special education of the republic of uzbekistan

] – [e] 
peal – pill 
win – when 
deed – did 
did – dead 
seat – sit 
sit – set 
(3) [e] – [æ ]
 
 
 
(4) 
[æ] – [

] 
men – man
fan – fun 
head
– had
bad – bud 
guess – gas
hat – hut 

---

13 
(5) [

] – [
ɑ
:]
 
 
 
(6) [
ɑ
:
] – [

:
] 
done – darn
far – four 
bud – bard
darn – dawn 
cut – cart 
part – port 
(7)
 [

] – [

:
] 
 
 
 
 
(8) [

:
] – [
ə
:
]
don – dawn
four – fur 
cod – cord 
torn – turn 
spot – sport
caught – curt
(9) [u] – [u:]
 
 
 
(10) [i:] – [
ɪə
] 
full – fool 
tea – tear 
hood – food
bead – beard 
book – boot
piece – pierce
(11) [i:] – [e
ɪ
]
 
 
 
(12) [e] – [e
ɪ
] 
pea – pay 
men – main 
mean – main
led – laid 
leak – lake
let – late
(13) [ e ] – [e
ə
]
 
 
 
(14) [e
ɪ
] – [e
ə
] 
very – vary
day – dare 
dead – dared
pay – pair 
shed – shared
they – their
(15) [æ] – [e
ɪ
]
 
 
 
(16) [æ] – [e
ə
] 
am – aim 
dad – dared 
man – main
bad – bared 
fat – fate
stand – stared
(17) [
ɑ
:] – [a
ɪ
]
 
 
 
(18) [

:] – [
ə
 
u
] 
bar – buy
nor – no 
charm – chime 
torn – tone 
park – pike 
caught – coat 
(19) [

:] – [

ɪ
]
 
 
 
(20) [
ə
 
u
] – [a
u
] 
bore – boy 
no – now 
all – oil 
tone – town 
corn – coin
known – noun 
(21) [a
ɪ
] – [a
ɪə
]
 
 
 
(22) [ju:] – [ju
ə
] 
high – higher 
cue – cure 
tie – tyre
few – fewer 
quite – quiet
pew – pure
 
7)
Train the reading of the following sentences on sounds. Pay attention to the boldface 
words. Write down the transcription. 
[i:] 
Please
believe
that 
sweet peas
and 
beans
are good to 
eat. Eat 
them at 
least 
twice a
week.
[
ɪ
] 
Tim’s sister swims 
a 
little bit. It 
keeps her
 fit, slim 
and 
trim. 
[e] 
Ten 
times 
seven 
is 
seventy. Seven 
times 
eleven 
is 
seventy seven. 
[æ] 
Many 
animals inhabit Africa. Africa has camels, giraffes, parrots, 
and 
bats. 
[u:] 
Who
flew to 
the 
moon? Numerous lunar 
flights are in the 
news.
We’ll 
soon
put a
man on 
Jupiter 
and 
Pluto. 

---

14 
[u] 
Would
you 
look 
for my 
cookbook?
It 
should 
be 
full 
of hints for 
good
cookies 
and
pudding. 
[

] 
The 
southern governor 
is 
Republican.
The 
public
election was 
fun.
He 
won
by 
one
hundred
votes. 
[
ə
:
] 
Nurses 
do 
worthy work.
They 
certainly deserve 
a 
word 
of praise. 
[
ə
] 
Labor 
Day is in 
September. Workers 
are
 honored.
[e
ɪ
] 
Maine 
is a 
state
in the northern United
 States.
It’s a 
great
place
for a 
vacation
. 
[
ə
u] 
The North 
Pole
is 
close
to the Arctic 
Ocean.
It’s 
known 
for 
polar
bears, 
snow,
and
severe 
cold.
[au] 
Owls 
are 
now found throughout 
the world. They avoid 
crowds
and make 
loud
sounds. 
[a
ɪ
] 
Eyesight 
is 
vital
for a normal 
life. I prize mine highly. 
[

ɪ
] 
The auto industry is a 
loyal employer 
in 
Detroit.
People 
enjoy
their 
choice
of cars. 
Questions for Discussion 
1.
What is a monophthong? How many monophthongs are there in English? 
2.
What is a diphthong? How many diphthongs are there in English? 
3.
Classify the English monophthongs according to the existing principles. 
4.
Classify the vowels according to the lip position. 
5.
Classify the vowels according to the degrees (height) of tenseness. 
6.
Explain the general principles of classification of vowels. 
7.
What vowels are rounded and unrounded?
8.
Are there quantitative distinctions between English vowels? 
 
 
 
 
SELF – TEST
 
There are three answers after each question. Only one is correct. Choose the correct 
answer. 
 
1.
How many monophthongs do you know? 
a) 6 
b) 10
c) 12 
2.
How many diphthongs do you know? 
a) 6 
b) 8
c) 10 
3. Find the line with front retracted vowels:
a)
 
sit, cinema, pity 
 
b)
 
teacher, pupil, butter
c)
peach, command, see
4. Find the line with back advanced vowels: 
a)
 
window, round, every 
b)
 
cup, foot, book 
c) tube, simple, mirror 
 
5.
Define the diphthongized vowels (diphthongoids) 
a)
[i:], [u:] b) [ju:], [i:] c) [u:], [
ɪ
] 

---

15 
 
6.
How many of these vowel sounds are there in the words in each line? The first line is 
done for you. 
/ 
e
ɪ
/ / 
a
ɪ
/ / 
əu
/ / 
au
/ 
1 
snow face down coach slowly 
1 
0 
3 
1 
2 
neighbour delay age dry weigh 
3 
road trousers mouth shave power
4 
drive polite type right brown 
5 
although complaint round bowl main 
6 
quite thousand silence high owe
7.
Look at the words in the box. Underline the vowels pronounced / e
ɪ
/ (as in day and 
rain), and circle the vowels pronounced /e/ (as in red and said). 
Potato dentist Belgium November seven eight sailor radio Asia
train May sweater Spain yellow table grey head embassy station 
helicopter South America bed bread television dress brain
 
8.
In the brackets above each boldface words write the phonetic symbol representing the 
vowel in that word. 
[ i ] [
ɪ
] [
ɪ
]
Ex.: 
The 
field
was 
filled
with
flowers. 
[ ] [ ] [ ] 
[ ] [ ]
[ ]
1.
Take a 
dip
in
the 
deep
water. 
11.
Complete today’s lesson.
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
2.
Please,
beat 
the 
sweet cream. 
 
 
12.
Irma 
had 
her thirty-third birthday.
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 
3.
Make haste 
not 
waste!
 
 
13.
Summer 
is
 warmer 
than 
winter.
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] 
4.
April 
showers bring 
May 
flowers. 
14.
My driver’s license expires 
in 
July.
[ ] [ ] 
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
5.
Clap 
your 
hands.
 
 
 
15. I’ll
 buy 
the
 item 
if the 
price
is 
right.
[ ] [ ] [ ] 
[ ] [ ] [ ]
6.
It was 
hard 
to 
start 
the
 car. 
 
 
16. She 
caught
her 
coat
on the 
cot
. 
[ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ]
7.
My 
watch
stopped. 
 
 
 
17.
Bud
bought
a 
boat
. 
[ ] [ ] [ ] 
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
8.
I 
hate 
wearing a 
hat
when it’s 
hot. 
 
18.
Fought off 
an
 awful cough
 
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[ ] [ ] [ ] 
9.
Take a 
good look 
at 
Luke. 
 
 
19. The 
tomatoes
are 
homegrown.
[ ] [ ] [ ] 
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ]
10. I 
sew 
my 
own clothes. 
 
 
 
20.
Come
have 
some fun 
in the 
sun. 
 

---

16 
Unit 3. The Classification of English Consonant Phonemes 
 
 
 
A consonant 
is a sound produced with an obstruction to the air stream. English 
consonants are usually classified according to the following principles: 
I. According to the type of obstruction and the manner of the production of noise. 
II. According to the active speech organ and the place of obstruction. 
III. According to the work of the vocal cords and the force of articulation. 
IV. According to the position of the soft palate. 
According to the type of obstruction English consonants are divided into 
occlusive
and 
constrictive
. 
Occlusive consonants are produced with a complete obstruction formed by the 
articulating organs, the air – passage to the mouth cavity is blocked. Occlusive consonants 
may be: 
(A)
noise consonants 
(B)
sonorants
According to the manner of the production of noise occlusive noise consonants are 
divided into 
plosive
consonants
and 
affricates
. 
Plosive consonants are [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [
ɡ
] 
Affricate consonants are [
ʧ
]
, 
[
ʤ]
Constrictive consonants are produced with an incomplete obstruction, that is by a 
narrowing of the air–passage. Constrictive consonants may be: 
(A)
noise consonants (or fricatives) 
(B)
sonorants 
Fricatives are: [f], [v], [

], [
ð
], [s], [z], [ 
ʃ
], [
ʒ
], [h] 
Constrictive sonorants may be 
median
and 
lateral.
According to the active organs of speech English consonants are divided into: