history. Royal empires have been built, unexplored lands have been traversed, great religions
and philosophies have been forever changed by the spice trade. In 1492, Christopher
Columbus set sail in order to try to find new seasonings and thus to make his fortune with this
most desired commodity of that time. Today, the influence of flavour in the world marketplace
is no less decisive. The rise and fall of corporate empires – soft-drink companies, snack-food
companies, and fast-food chains – is frequently determined by how their products taste.
{F} The flavor industry emerged in the mid-1800s, as processed foods began to be
manufactured on a large scale. Recognizing the need for flavor additives, the early food
processors turned to perfume companies that had years of experience working with essential
oils and volatile aromas. The great perfume houses of England, France, and the Netherlands
produced many of the first flavor compounds. In the early part of the 20th century, Germany’s
powerful chemical industry assumed the lead in flavour production. Legend has it that a
German scientist discovered methyl anthranilate, one of the first artificial flavours, by accident
while mixing chemicals in his laboratory. Suddenly, the lab was filled with the sweet smell of
grapes. Methyl anthranilate later became the chief flavoring compound of manufactured grape
juice.
{G} The quality that people seek most of all in a food, its flavour, is usually present in a quantity
too infinitesimal to be measured by any traditional culinary terms such as ounces or teaspoons.
Today’s sophisticated spectrometers, gas chromatograph, and headspace vapor analyzers
provide a detailed map of a food’s flavour components, detecting chemical aromas in amounts
as low as one part per billion. The human nose, however, is still more sensitive than any
machine yet invented. A nose can detect aromas present in quantities of a few parts per trillion.
Complex aromas, such as those of coffee or roasted meat, may be composed of gases from
nearly a thousand different chemicals. The chemical that provides the dominant flavour of bell
pepper can be tasted in amounts as low as 0.02 parts per billion; one drop is sufficient to add
flavour to the amount of water needed to fill five average-sized swimming pools
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