C Roller coasters have a long, fascinating history. The direct ancestors of roller coasters were
monumental ice slides – long, steep wooden-slides covered in ice, some as high as 70 feet –
that were popular in Russia in the 16th and 17th centuries. Riders shot down the slope in sleds
made out of wood or blocks of ice, crash-landing in a sand pile. Coaster historians diverge on
the exact evolution of these ice slides into actual rolling carts. The most widespread account is
that a few entrepreneurial Frenchmen imported the ice slide idea to France. The warmer climate
of France tended to melt the ice, so the French started building waxed slides instead, eventually
adding wheels to the sleds. In 1817, the Russes a Belleville (Russian Mountains of Belleville)
became the first roller coaster where the train was attached to the track (in this case, the train
axle fit into a carved groove). The French continued to expand on this idea, coming up with
more complex track layouts, with multiple cars and all sorts of twists and turns.
D In comparison to the world’s first roller coaster, there is perhaps an even greater debate
over what was America’s first true coaster. Many will say that it is Pennsylvania’s
own Maunch Chunk-Summit Hill and Switch Back Railroad.
The Maunch Chunk-Summit
Hill and Switch Back Railroad was originally America’s second railroad, and considered my
many to be the greatest coaster of all time. Located in the Lehigh valley, it was originally used
to transport coal from the top of Mount Pisgah to the bottom of Mount Jefferson, until Josiah
White, a mining entrepreneur, had the idea of turning it into a part-time thrill ride. Because of
its immediate popularity, it soon became strictly a passenger train. A steam engine would haul
passengers to the top of the mountain, before letting them coast back down, with speeds
rumored to reach 100 miles per hour! The reason that it was called a switch back railroad, a
switch back track was located at the top – where the steam engine would let the riders coast
back down. This type of track featured a dead end where the steam engine would detach its
cars, allowing riders to coast down backwards. The railway went through a couple of minor
track changes and name changes over the years, but managed to last from 1829 to 1937, over
100 years.
E The coaster craze in America was just starting to build. The creation of the Switch Back
Railway, by La Marcus Thompson, gave roller coasters national attention. Originally built at
New York’s Coney Island in 1884, Switch Back Railways began popping up all over the
country. The popularity of these rides may puzzle the modern-day thrill seeker, due to the mild
ride they gave in comparison to the modern-day roller coaster. Guests would pay a nickel to
wait in line up to five hours just to go down a pair of side-by-side tracks with gradual hills that
vehicles coasted down at a top speed around six miles per hour. Regardless, Switchback
Railways were very popular, and sparked many people, including Thompson, to design
coasters that were bigger and better.
F The 1910s and 1920s were probably the best decade that the roller coaster has ever seen.
The new wave of technology, such as the “unstop wheels”, an arrangement that kept a
coaster’s wheels to its tracks by resisted high gravitational forces, showed coasters a realm of
possibilities that has never been seen before. In 1919, North America alone had about 1,500
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roller coasters, a number that was rising rampantly. Then, the Great Depression gave a
crushing blow to amusement parks all over America. As bad as it was, amusement parks had an
optimistic look on the future in the late 1930s. But, in 1942 roller coasters could already feel
the effects of World War Two, as they were forced into a shadow of neglect. Most, nearly all of
America’s roller coasters were shut down. To this very day, the number of roller coaster in
America is just a very tiny fraction of the amount of roller coasters in the 1920s.
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