girder. They then extended the cut until it reached the bottom of the girder and finally they cut
across the flange – the bottom of the girder’s “I” shape.
F The initial, crude analysis of the bridge’s behaviour, based on the frequency at which the
bridge resonates, did not indicate that anything was wrong until the flange was damaged. But
later the data were reanalysed with algorithms that took into account changes in the mode
shapes of the structure – shapes that the structure takes on when excited at a particular
frequency. These more sophisticated algorithms, which were developed by Norris Stubbs at
Texas A&M University, successfully identified and located the damage caused by the initial cut.
G “When any structure vibrates, the energy is distributed throughout with some points not
moving, while others vibrate strongly at various frequencies,” says Stubbs. “My algorithms use
pattern recognition to detect changes in the distribution of this energy.” NASA already uses
Stubbs’ method to check the behaviour of the body flap that slows space shuttles down after
they land.
H A commercial system based on the Los Alamos hardware is now available, complete with
the Stubbs algorithms, from the Quatro Corporation in Albuquerque for about $100,000. Tim
Darling, another Los Alamos physicist working on the microwave interferometer with Migliori,
says that as the electronics become cheaper, a microwave inspection system will eventually be
applied to most large bridges in the US. “In a decade I would like to see a battery or solar-
powered package mounted under each bridge, scanning it every day to detect changes,” he
says.
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