Inspired by Mimicking Mother Nature
{A} Researchers and designers around the globe endeavor to create new technologies that, by
honoring the tenets of life, are both highly efficient and often environmentally friendly. And
while biomimicry is not a new concept (Leonardo da Vinci looked to nature to design his flying
machines, for example, and pharmaceutical companies have long been miming plant organisms
in synthetic drugs), there is a greater need for products and manufacturing processes that use
a minimum of energy, materials, and toxins. What’s more, due to technological advancements
and a newfound spirit of innovation among designers, there are now myriad ways to mimic
Mother Nature’s best assets.
{B} “We have a perfect storm happening right now,” says Jay Harman, an inventor and CEO of
PAX Scientific, which designs fans, mixers, and pumps to achieve maximum efficiency by
imitating the natural flow of fluids. “Shapes in nature are extremely simple once you understand
them, but to understand what geometries are at play, and to adapt them, is a very complex
process. We only just recently have had the computer power and manufacturing capability to
produce these types of shapes.” “If we could capture nature’s efficiencies across the board, we
could decrease dependency on fuel by at least 50 percent,” Harman says. “What we’re finding
already with the tools and methodology we have right now is that we can reduce energy
consumption by between 30 and 40 percent.”
{C} It’s only recently that mainstream companies have begun to equate biomimicry with the
bottom line. DaimlerChrysler, for example, introduced a prototype car modeled on a coral reef
fish. Despite its boxy, cube-shaped body, which defies a long-held aerodynamic standard in
automotive design (the raindrop shape), the streamlined boxfish proved to be aerodynamically
ideal and the unique construction of its skin—numerous hexagonal, bony plates—a perfect
recipe for designing a car of maximum strength with minimal weight.
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{D} Companies and communities are flocking to Janine Benyus, author of the landmark book
Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature (Perennial, 2002) and cofounder of the Biomimicry
Guild, which seats biologists at the table with researchers and designers at companies such as
Nike, Interface carpets, Novell, and Procter & Gamble. Their objective is to marry industrial
problems with natural solutions.
{E} Benyus, who hopes companies will ultimately transcend mere product design to embrace
nature on a more holistic level, breaks biomimicry into three tiers. On a basic (albeit
complicated) level, industry will mimic nature’s precise and efficient shapes, structures, and
geometries. The microstructure of the lotus leaf, for example, causes raindrops to bead and run
off immediately, while self-cleaning and drying its surface—a discovery that the British paint
company Sto has exploited in a line of building paints. The layered structure of a butterfly wing
or a peacock plume, which creates iridescent color by refracting light, is being mimicked by
cosmetics giant L’Oreal in a soon-to-be-released line of eye shadow, lipstick, and nail varnish.
{F} The next level of biomimicry involves imitating natural processes and biochemical “recipes”:
Engineers and scientists are now looking at the nasal glands of seabirds to solve the problem
of desalination; the abalone’s ability to self-assemble its incredibly durable shell in water, using
local ingredients, has inspired an alternative to the conventional, and often toxic, “heat, beat,
and treat” manufacturing method. How other organisms deal with harmful bacteria can also be
instructive: Researchers for the Australian company Biosignal, for instance, observed a
seaweed that lives in an environment teeming with microbes to figure out how it kept free of
the same sorts of bacterial colonies, called biofilms, that cause plaque on your teeth and clog up
your bathroom drain. They determined that the seaweed uses natural chemicals, called
furanones, that jam the cell-to-cell signaling systems that allow bacteria to communicate and
gather.
{G} Ultimately, the most sophisticated application of biomimicry, according to Benyus, is when
a company starts seeing itself as an organism in an economic ecosystem that must make thrifty
use of limited resources and creates symbiotic relationships with other organisms. A
boardroom approach at this level begins with imagining any given company, or collection of
industries, as a forest, prairie, or coral reef, with its own “food web”(manufacturing inputs and
outputs) and asking whether waste products from one manufacturing process can be used, or
perhaps sold, as an ingredient for another industrial activity. For instance, Geoffrey Coates, a
chemist at Cornell, has developed a biodegradable plastic synthesized from carbon dioxide and
limonene (a major component in the oil extracted from citrus rind) and is working with a cement
factory to trap their waste CO2 and use it as an ingredient.
{H} Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives (ZERI), a global network of scientists,
entrepreneurs, and educators, has initiated eco industrial projects that attempt to find ways to
reuse all wastes as raw materials for other processes. Storm Brewing in Newfoundland,
Canada—in one of a growing number of projects around the world applying ZERI principles—is
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using spent grains, a by-product of the beer-making process, to make bread and grow
mushrooms.
As industries continue to adopt nature’s models, entire manufacturing processes could operate
locally, with local ingredients like the factories that use liquefied beach sand to make
windshields. As more scientists and engineers begin to embrace biomimicry, natural organisms
will come to be regarded as mentors, their processes deemed masterful.
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