When a school takes in a horde of extra students from the poorest homes, you would expect
standards to drop. Anywhere in the world, poor kids tend to perform worse than their better-off
classmates. When the influx of new pupils is not accompanied by an increase in the number of
teachers, as was the case at Msekeni, you would expect standards to fall even further. But they
have not. Pass rates at Msekeni improved dramatically, from 30% to 85%. Although this was
an exceptional example, the nationwide results of school feeding programmes were still pretty
good. On average, after a Malawian school started handing out free food it attracted 38% more
girls and 24% more boys. The pass rate for boys stayed about the same, while for girls it
improved by 9.5%.
F
Better nutrition makes for brighter children. Most immediately, well-fed children find it easier to
concentrate. It is hard to focus the mind on long division when your stomach is screaming for
food. Mr Kumanda says that it used to be easy to spot the kids who were really undernourished.
“They were the ones who stared into space and didn’t respond when you asked the question,”
he says. More crucially, though, more and better food helps brains grow and develop. Like any
other organ in the body, the brain needs nutrition and exercise. But if it is starved of the
necessary calories, proteins and micronutrients, it is stunted, perhaps not as severely as a
muscle would be, but stunted nonetheless. That is why feeding children at schools work so
well. And the fact that the effect of feeding was more pronounced in girls than in boys gives a
clue to who eats first in rural Malawian households. It isn’t the girls.
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On a global scale, the good news is that people are eating better than ever before. Homo
sapiens has grown 50% bigger since the industrial revolution. Three centuries ago, chronic
malnutrition was more or less universal. Now, it is extremely rare in rich countries. In
developing countries, where most people live, plates and rice bowls are also fuller than ever
before. The proportion of children under five in the developing world who are malnourished to
the point of stunting fell from 39% in 1990 to 30% in 2000, says the World Health
Organisation (WHO). In other places, the battle against hunger is steadily being won. Better
nutrition is making people cleverer and more energetic, which will help them grow more
prosperous. And when they eventually join the ranks of the well off, they can start fretting
about growing too fast.
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