Solution:
1
B
2
B
3
A
5
YES
6
NO
7
NOT GIVEN
8
NO
9
YES
10
D
11
B
12
I
13
E
14
G
15
B
16
E
17
A
18
D
19
B
20
TRUE
21
TRUE
page 15
Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices
22
NOT GIVEN
23
FALSE
24
NOT GIVEN
25
headspace
26
filters
27
needle
28
FALSE
29
NOT GIVEN
30
C
31
TRUE
32
FALSE
33
tram
34
1954
35
beach volleyball
36
environment
37
wealthy people
38
manly
39
Bondi
40
tiled roofs
page 16
Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices
page 17
Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices
IELTS Mock Test 2023 March
IELTS Mock Test 2023
March
Reading Practice Test 2
HOW TO USE
You have 2 ways to access the test
1. Open this URL
http://link.intergreat.com/xfIsP
on your computer
2. Use your mobile device to scan the QR code attached
READING PASSAGE 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13
Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage
1.
page 1
Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices
Radio Automation
Today they are everywhere. Production lines controlled by computers and operated by robots.
There’s no chatter of assembly workers, just the whirr and click of machines. In the mid-1940s,
the workerless factory was still the stuff of science fiction. There were no computers to speak
of and electronics was primitive. Yet hidden away in the English countryside was a highly
automated production line called ECME, which could turn out 1500 radio receivers a day with
almost no help from human hands.
A. John Sargrove, the visionary engineer who developed the technology, was way ahead of his
time. For more than a decade, Sargrove had been trying to figure out how to make cheaper
radios. Automating the manufacturing process would help. But radios didn’t lend themselves to
such methods: there were too many parts to fit together and too many wires to solder. Even a
simple receiver might have 30 separate components and 80 hand-soldered connections. At
every stage, things had to be tested and inspected. Making radios required highly skilled labour
—and lots of it.
B. In 1944, Sargrove came up with the answer. His solution was to dispense with most of the
fiddly bits by inventing a primitive chip—a slab of Bakelite with all the receiver’s electrical
components and connections embedded in it. This was something that could be made by
machines, and he designed those too. At the end of the war, Sargrove built an automatic
production line, which he called ECME (electronic circuit-making equipment), in a small factory
in Effingham, Surrey.
C. An operator sat at one end of each ECME line, feeding in die plates. She didn’t need much
skill, only quick hands. From now on, everything was controlled by electronic switches and
relays. First stop was the sandblaster, which roughened the surface of the plastic BO that
molten metal would stick to it The plates were then cleaned to remove any traces of grit The
machine automatically checked that the surface was rough enough before sending the plate to
page 2
Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices
the spraying section. There, eight nozzles rotated into position and sprayed molten zinc over
both sides of the plate. Again, the nozzles only began to spray when a plate was in place. The
plate whizzed on. The next stop was the milling machine, which ground away the surface layer
of metal to leave the circuit and other components in the grooves and recesses. Now the plate
was a composite of metal and plastic. It sped on to be lacquered and have its circuits tested. By
the time it emerged from the end of the line, robot hands had fitted it with sockets to attach
components such as valves and loudspeakers. When ECME was working flat out; the whole
process took 20 seconds.
D. ECME was astonishingly advanced. Electronic eyes, photocells that generated a small
current when a panel arrived, triggered each step in the operation, BO avoiding excessive wear
and tear on the machinery. The plates were automatically tested at each stage as they moved
along the conveyor. And if more than two plates in succession were duds, the machines were
automatically adjusted—or if necessary halted In a conventional factory, I workers would test
faulty circuits and repair them. But Sargrove’s assembly line produced circuits so cheaply they
just threw away the faulty ones. Sargrove’s circuit board was even more astonishing for the
time. It predated the more familiar printed circuit, with wiring printed on aboard, yet was more
sophisticated. Its built-in components made it more like a modem chip.
E. When Sargrove unveiled his invention at a meeting of the British Institution of Radio
Engineers in February 1947, the assembled engineers were impressed. So was the man from
The Times. ECME, he reported the following day, “produces almost without human labour, a
complete radio receiving set. This new method of production can be equally well applied to
television and other forms of electronic apparatus.
F. The receivers had many advantages over their predecessors, wit components they were
more robust. Robots didn’t make the sorts of mistakes human assembly workers sometimes
did. “Wiring mistakes just cannot happen,” wrote Sargrove. No w
ừ
es also meant the radios
were lighter and cheaper to ship abroad. And with no soldered wires to come unstuck, the
radios were more reliable. Sargrove pointed out that the drcuit boards didn’t have to be flat.
They could be curved, opening up the prospect of building the electronics into the cabinet of
Bakelite radios.
G. Sargrove was all for introducing this type of automation to other products. It could be used
to make more complex electronic equipment than radios, he argued. And even if only part of a
manufacturing process were automated, the savings would be substantial. But while his
invention was brilliant, his timing was bad. ECME was too advanced for its own good. It was
only competitive on huge production runs because each new job meant retooling the machines.
But disruption was frequent. Sophisticated as it was, ECME still depended on old- fashioned
electromechanical relays and valves—which failed with monotonous regularity. The state of
Britain’s economy added to Sargrove’s troubles. Production was dogged by power cuts and
post-war shortages of materials. Sargrove’s financial backers began to get cold feet.
page 3
Access https://ieltsonlinetests.com for more practices
H. There was another problem Sargrove hadn’t foreseen. One of ECME’s biggest advantages—
the savings on the cost of labour—also accelerated its downfall. Sargrove’s factory had two
ECME production lines to produce the two c
ữ
cuits needed for each radio. Between them these
did what a thousand assembly workers would otherwise have done. Human hands were
needed only to feed the raw material in at one end and plug the valves into then sockets and fit
the loudspeakers at the other. After that, the only job left was to fit the pair of Bakelite panels
into a radio cabinet and check that it worked.
I. Sargrove saw automation as the way to solve post-war labour shortages. With somewhat
Utopian idealism, he imagined his new technology would free people from boring, repetitive
jobs on the production line and allow them to do more interesting work. “Don’t get the idea that
we are out to rob people of then jobs,” he told the Daily Mnror. “Our task is to liberate men and
women from being slaves of machines.”
J. The workers saw things differently. They viewed automation in the same light as the
everlasting light bulb or the suit that never wears out—as a threat to people’s livelihoods. If
automation spread, they wouldn’t be released to do more exciting jobs. They’d be released to
join the dole queue. Financial backing for ECME fizzled out. The money dried up. And Britain
lost its lead in a technology that would transform industry just a few years later.
Dostları ilə paylaş: |