Questions 11-14
C
D
10 What is the implication of project proceeded by technology called SOLID in
Atacama Desert?
A
B
C
D
It contained the same substance as in the moon
It had different images from the following probes
It could be employed to explore organisms under Martian condition.
This technology could NOT be used to identify life on similar condition of
Mars.
Atacama Desert is the only place that has a suitable environment for
organisms.
Life had not yet been found yet in Atacama Desert.
Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage
Reading Passage?
In boxes 11-14
11-14 on your answer sheet, write
TRUE
if the statement agrees with the information
FALSE
if the statement contradicts the information
NOT GIVEN
If there is no information on this
11
Technology of Martian creature was superior than what
human had at that time in every field according to The War of the Worlds
12
Proof sent by Viking probes has not been challenged yet
13
Analysis on meteorite from Mars found a substance which is
connected to some germs
14
According to Victor Parro, their project will be deployed on
Mars after they identified DNA substance on earth
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READING PASSAGE 2
You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-27
Questions 15-27 , which are based on Reading
Passage 2 below.
Global warming: Prevent poles from melting
A. Such is our dependence on fossil fuels, and such the volume of carbon dioxide we have
already released into the atmosphere, that most climate scientists agree that significant global
warming is now inevitable – the best we can hope to do is keep it at a reasonable level, and
even that going to be an uphill task.
At present, the only serious option on the table for doing this is cutting back on our carbon
emissions, but a few countries are making major strides in this regard, the majority are having
great difficulty even stemming the rate of increase, let alone reversing Consequently, an
increasing number of scientists are beginning to explore the alternatives. They under the
banner of geoengineering generally defined as the intentional large-scale manipulation of the
environment.
B. Geoengineering has been shown to work, at least on a small, localised scale, for decades.
May Day parades in Moscow have taken place under clear blue skies, aircraft having deposited
dry ice, silver iodide (m $1) and cement powder to disperse clouds. Many of the schemes now
suggested look to do the opposite, and reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the planet.
One scheme focuses on achieving a general cooling of the Earth and involves the concept of
releasing aerosol sprays into the stratosphere above the Arctic to create clouds of sulphur
dioxide, which would, in turn, lead to a global dimming. The idea is modelled on historical
volcanic explosions, such as that of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991; which led to a
short-term cooling of global temperatures by 0.5°c. The aerosols could be delivered by artillery,
high-flying aircraft or balloons.
C. Instead of concentrating on global cooling, other schemes look specifically at reversing the
melting at the poles. One idea is to bolster an ice cap by spraying it with water. Using pumps to
carry water from below the sea ice the spray would come out as snow or ice particles,
producing thicker sea ice with a higher albedo (the ratio of sunlight reflected from a surface) to
reflect summer radiation. Scientists have also scrutinised whether it is possible to block iceflow
in Greenland with cables which have been reinforced, preventing icebergs from moving into the
sea.
Veil Albert Kallio, a Finnish scientist, says that such an idea is impractical, because the force of
the ice would ultimately snap the cables and rapidly release a large quantity of frozen ice into
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the sea. However, Kallio believes that the sort of cables used in suspension bridges could
potentially be used to divert, rather than halt, the southward movement of ice from
Spitsbergen. It would stop the ice moving south, and local currents would see them float
northwards’ he says.
D. A number of geoengineering ideas are currently being examined in the Russian Arctic. These
include planting millions of birch trees: the thinking, according to Kallio, is that their white bark
would increase the amount of reflected sunlight. The loss of their leaves in winter would also
enable the snow to reflect radiation. In contrast, the native evergreen pines tend to shade the
snow and absorb radiation.
Using ice-breaking vessels to deliberately break up and scatter coastal sea ice in both Arctic
and Antarctic waters in their respective autumns, and diverting Russian rivers to increase cold-
water flow to ice-forming areas, could also be used to slow down warming, Kallio says. 1 You
would need the wind to blow the right way, but in the right conditions, by letting ice float free
and head north, you would enhance ice growth.’
E. But will such ideas ever be implemented? The major counter-arguments to geoengineering
schemes are, first, that they are a ‘cop-out’ that allow US to continue living the way we do,
rather than reducing carbon emissions; and, second, even if they do work, would the side-
effects outweigh the advantages? Then there’s the daunting prospect of upkeep and repair of
any scheme as well as the consequences of a technical failure. ‘I think all of US agree that if we
were to end geoengineering on a given day, then the planet would return to its pre-engineered
condition very rapidly, and probably within 10 to 20 years’ says Dr Phil Rasch, chief scientist
for climate change at the US-based Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.
That’s certainly something to worry about. I would consider geoengineering as a strategy to
employ only we manage the conversion to a non-fossil- fuel economy. ‘The risk with
geoengineering projects is that you can “overshoot”,’ says Dr Dan hunt, from the University of
Bristol. ‘You may bring global temperatures back to pre-industrial levels, but the risk is that the
poles will still be warmer than they should be and the tropics be cooler than before
industrialization.’
F. The main reason why geoengineering is countenanced by the mainstream scientific
community is that most researchers have little faith in the of politicians to agree – and then
bring in the necessary carbon cuts. Even leading conservation organisations believe the subject
worth exploring. As Dr Martin Sommerkorn, a climate change advisor says.’
But human-induced climate change has brought humanity to a position where it important not
to exclude thinking thoroughly about this topic and its possibilities despite the potential
drawbacks. If, over the coming years, the science US about an ever-increased climate
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sensitivity of the planet and this isn’t unrealistic – then we may be best served by not having to
start our thinking from scratch.
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