A. As a Stranger
As Goffman assumes, one has to take on the whole array of
action encompassed by the roles, which imply “a social
determinism and a doctrine about socialization” [5]. Therefore,
Winterbourne follows different “scripts” when playing various
roles, as Goffman calls it, “discrepant roles” through and by
which one is socialized. Meeting strangers for the first time is
the key context for self-presentation. At the first meeting with
Daisy, Winterbourne‟s performances are well depicted by
James. Obviously Winterbourne is obsessed with Daisy‟s
beauty. With intense impulses to know her, he even cares not
the social custom in Geneva to speak to a young unmarried
lady without being presented. However, he is very prudential,
trying to follow the rules to perform so to maintain the
propriety. He checks “whether he had gone too far” every time
he makes further inquiry. He is very observant and perceives
the reaction — her underlying words beyond words. Therefore,
he can tailor his performances and practice the art of
impression management according to the non-verbal
expression observed, like facial expression, gestures and etc.
However, at the same time his observation is rather rude from
the perspective of European culture because Winterbourne
scans Daisy‟s face from her complexion, her nose, and her ears
to her teeth. Attracted by Daisy‟s beauty and prompted by
Daisy, Winterbourne escorts her, unchaperoned, on a boat trip
along the lake to visit the Castle of Chillon in Vevay, which
breaks the European convention and evokes glances and
discussion in the hotel. Daisy‟s willingness to go on this
excursion reveals her charming naïve as well as her mother‟s
foolishness and damages her reputation while their reactions
bewilder Winterbourne, making him to break rules as well as
evoking his interest in Daisy and her real self.
B. As a Nephew
As a nephew, Winterbourne spends time with his aunt Mrs.
Costello. He respects her not because of affection, but rather
because he has “imbibed at Geneva the idea that one must
always be attentive to one‟s aunt”. He does as what he has been
taught to do. Meanwhile, Winterbourne holds in high regard
what Mrs. Costello tells him, about the Millers as much as
anything else. However, with the awareness about cultural
differences, Winterbourne does not accept all the things his
aunt tells him. His aunt, a typical Europeanized American with
respectful social status, presents no respect to the Millers. Her
treatment to them — disacceptance of them and their cultural
manners — is unjust. She requires them to follow the social
norms and conventions and manners cultivated by European
civilization without considering their cultural background.
While participating in one system of roles, as a nephew or a
European-like American, Winterbourne will hold in abeyance
his involvement in other patterns, thus sustaining his
performance before his aunt, which Goffman calls “the
dormant roles that are enacted roles on other occasions” [5] .
C. As a Friend
To his friends, Winterbourne also presents his self
according to the circumstances. As a friend of Mrs. Walker, he
gives suggestions to her treatments about Daisy. He reminds
her that he and she may “have lived too long at Geneva”,
understanding that there must be a gap between them and the
new sojourner Daisy, a particular figure careless about the
social rules in the host country. As a friend of Daisy, he is
preoccupied by analyzing Daisy. He wants to be able to define
and categorize her, to which class of woman that he
understands, but in nature Daisy is novelty to him. Her candor
and spontaneity make him puzzled with her lack of concern for
the social niceties and the rules of propriety that have been
adopted by the American community in Rome. He befriends
Daisy and attempts to save her from the embarrassment and
exclusion that the fellow Americans give her. No matter how
far Winterbourne can release himself from the cultural
atmosphere that teaching him how to behave, back to Rome, a
more restrictive city, he cannot change his perception about
Daisy from the perspective of his European perception. He
feels released to define Daisy as “an American flirt” and
excludes her by not caring her explanation.
IV. D
AISY
‟
S
S
ELF
-
PRESENTATION
Daisy, on the other hand, plays her own roles in the theatre
as well. However, for the reason that the story develops from
Winterbourne‟s perspective, it is not easy to detect Daisy’s
understanding of self and others in her presentation. With such
an understanding, I will study her performances with hint from
Winterbourne‟s observation. On her trip to Europe with her
mother and brother, Daisy comes from Schenectady, New
York, whose father gets a big business. However,
Winterbourne perceived from his aunt‟s tone that “Miss Daisy
Miller‟s place in the social scale is low” in New York, where
has a picture of “the minutely hierarchical constitution”. Daisy
represents the class who knows little about the old European
continent and develops its own system of behavior patterns. As
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