She never took the measure really of the scandal she produced,
and had no means of doing so: she was too ignorant, too
irreflective, too little versed in the proportions of things. She
intended infinitely less with G. than what she appeared to
intend
—
and he himself was quite at sea as to how far she was
going. She was a flirt, a perfectly superficial and unmalicious
one, and she was very fond, as she announced at the outset, of
“gentlemen’s society.” [6]
The lack of cultural awareness leads to cultural clashes and
communication misunderstandings which undesirable
consequences follow. Daisy died of Roman fever literarily but
analogically was tracked by foreign culture. Winterbourne
regrets that he has done Daisy injustice. And behind that, there
is the ethnocentrism that makes more problem because no one
from a self-claimed more superior culture will debase his/her
position to understand the other culture which one thinks
inferior. What Winterbourne says in persuading Daisy not to
show herself in public with Giovanelli without her mother,
“when you deal with natives you must go by the custom of the
place”, definitely implies the ethnocentric perceptions about
the native culture. Winterbourne‟s wonder about “how far
Daisy‟s [her] eccentricities were generic, national, and how far
were personal” indicates that the center and the normal
behaviors should be the European customs, or namely,
European culture.
C. As a Woman
In addition, Winterbourne‟s question about whether Daisy‟s
behavior is national or personal hints at the personal aspects in
cross-culture clashes. Edward C. Stewart and Milton J. Bennett
suggest that “the evaluation of behavior as desirable or taboo
pursues the elusive goal of objectivity” [7]. Though one
understands the culture of others very well and is willing to
accept the differences, there are still problems. Behavior is
concrete but ambiguous: the same action may have different
meanings in different situations, so it is necessary to identify
the context of behavior and the contingencies of action.
Therefore, as scholars suggest, the most effective way to cross-
cultural communication is to attain knowledge of the individual
as well as to understand the roles of others in a social context in
addition of playing the proper roles of self.
V. C
ONCLUSION
To conclude, James was never a mindless, sentimental
patriot for any country or cause, his loyalties were based on
“human relationship and lived experience”. “Daisy Miller” is,
as I read it, James‟s attempt to present the reader the cross-
cultural and interpersonal relation and the complexity within it.
People‟s understanding of selfhood is shaped by, and in turn
shapes, their understanding of others and their presentation of
self. Though James did not give us an answer to solving the
cultural and interpersonal clashes, “Daisy Miller” and its
popularity evokes a new rise of cultural awareness and a new
round of endeavor to reconsider the clashes and search a way
out.
R
EFERENCES
[1] Simon, Linda, The Critical Reception of Henry James: Creating a
Master, New York: Gamden House, 2007.
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