Evaluation of hypertension
A patient who presents with hypertensive urgency or emergency (ie, patients with
blood pressure ≥180 mmHg systolic or ≥120 mmHg diastolic).
•
A patient who presents with an initial screening blood pressure ≥160 mmHg
systolic or ≥100 mmHg diastolic and who also has known target end-organ
damage (eg, left ventricular hypertension [LVH], hypertensive retinopathy,
ischemic cardiovascular disease).
•
In all other patients who have an elevated office blood pressure, the diagnosis of
hypertension should be confirmed using out-of-office blood pressure measurement
whenever possible. ABPM is considered the “gold standard” in determining out-of-
office blood pressure. However, many payers require evidence of normal out-of-office
readings (suspected white coat hypertension) for reimbursement of ABPM. As such, we
suggest home blood pressure measurement as the initial strategy to confirm the
diagnosis of hypertension in most patients:
Hypertension is diagnosed if the mean home blood pressure, when measured with
appropriate technique and with a device that has been validated in the office, is
≥
130 mmHg systolic or ≥80 mmHg diastolic.
•
ABPM is an alternative to home blood pressure monitoring in settings where
ABPM is readily available, particularly if adequate home blood pressures cannot be
obtained, if there is doubt about the validity of home readings, or if there is a large
discrepancy between office and home readings. When using ABPM, hypertension
is diagnosed if the mean daytime blood pressure is ≥130 mmHg systolic or ≥80
mmHg diastolic.
•
Occasionally, out-of-office confirmation of hypertension is not possible because of
issues with availability of equipment, insurance, and cost. In these situations, a
diagnosis of hypertension can be confirmed by serial (at least three) office-based
blood pressure measurements spaced over a period of weeks to months with a
mean of ≥130 mmHg systolic ≥80 mmHg diastolic. While use of appropriate
technique is important in all patients, it is particularly essential in those in whom
the diagnosis of hypertension is based solely upon office readings (
table 1
). In
settings where out-of-office blood pressure measurement is not readily available,
we suggest using AOBPM.
•
When hypertension is suspected based upon office readings or confirmed based upon
out-of-office blood pressure readings, an evaluation should be performed to
determine the following (see
'Evaluation'
above):
●