Essentials of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (June 1999)
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APPENDIX C. A PPELLATIONS ACR—Advanced Certified Rolfer AMTA—American Massage Therapy Association AOBA—American Oriental Bodywork Association ARNP—Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner ATR—Art Therapist Registered BAMS—Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery CA—Certified Acupuncturist CAMT—Certified Acupressure Massage Therapist CAT—Certified Acupressure Therapist CCH—Certified Clinical Hypnotherapist CFP—Certified Feldenkrais Practitioner CHt/CHT—Certified Hypnotherapist CH—Certified Herbalist CMA—Certified Movement Analyst CMT—Certified Massage Therapist CR—Certified Reflexologist or Certified Rolfer DAc—Diplomate of Acupuncture DC—Doctor of Chiropractic DHt—Diplomate in Homeotherapeutics DHANP—Diplomate of Homeopathic Academy of Naturopathic Physicians DO—Doctor of Osteopathy DOM—Doctor of Oriental Medicine DiplAc—Diplomate in Acupuncture HHD—Doctor of Holistic Health HHP—Holistic Health Practitioner LAc—Licensed Acupuncturist LicAc—Licensed Acupuncturist LD—Licensed Dietitian LM—Licensed Midwife LMT—Licensed Massage Therapist MAc—Master of Acupuncture MASc—Master of Ayurvedic Science MH—Master Herbalist MOM—Master of Oriental Medicine MT—Massage Therapist NASTAT—North American Society of Teachers of the Alexander Technique ND—Naturopathic Doctor or Doctor of Naturopathy NMD—Naturopathic Medical Doctor NP—Nurse Practitioner OMD—Oriental Medical Doctor RAc—Registered Acupuncturist RD—Registered Dietitian RDT—Registered Drama Therapist RMT—Registered Massage Therapist or Registered Music Therapist RPP—Registered Polarity Practitioner RPT—Registered Physical Therapist Appendix D. Glossary Essentials of Complementary and Alternative Medicine APPENDIX D. G LOSSARY acupressure: the practice of applying pressure to acupuncture points along the body's meridian system to treat disease, relieve pain, and balance the flow of qi in the body. acupuncture: the practice of inserting needles into specific points along the body's meridian system to treat disease, relieve pain, and balance the flow of qi in the body. adjustment: a term in chiropractic that refers to the manipulation of joints by the act of applying a controlled dynamic thrust. Alexander technique: an educational/therapeutic method of expending a minimum of effort to achieve the maximum efficient use of muscles and movement to relieve pain and to improve posture and overall health. allopathy: a term generally used to describe Western medicine, whereby the treatment of disease is approached by the use of remedies (such as drugs or surgery) that create the opposite effect to those produced by the disease; the opposite of homeopathy, which posits that like cures like. alpha state: a brain-wave state associated with wakeful relaxation. amino acids: the chief components of proteins that are either manufactured by the body or supplied to the body through dietary or supplement intake. applied kinesiology: a diagnostic and therapeutic system that employs the practice of muscle-testing to identify nutritional deficiencies and health problems with the belief that weakness in certain muscles relates to respective imbalances and diseases in the body. art therapy: a therapeutic method that uses a number of artistic mediums, such as drawing or painting, to help people express themselves and relieve unresolved issues. atherosclerosis: the disease state caused by the accumulation and calcification of plaques and resultant narrowing on the inner arterial wall. aura therapy: a therapeutic method that corrects physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual imbalances through the interpretation and manipulation of the luminous, colored energy field that emanates from and surrounds the human body. auricular therapy: the practice of inserting needles into specific acupuncture points located on the ear that relate to specific parts of the body. autogenic training and therapy: a method of teaching individuals to recognize the origin of certain mental and physical disorders within themselves and to use that awareness and relaxation for the self-treatment of those disturbances. autointoxication: a disorder produced by a poison that is generated from within the body. Avicenna (979–1037 AD): an Arab physician and author of one of the most famous medical texts, the Canon, a compilation of Greco-Arabic medicine that served as a standard in Europe throughout the seventeenth century. Ayurvedic medicine: Sanskrit for “life” (ayur) and “knowledge” (veda), thus, “the science of life”; one of the oldest known systems of healing, Ayurveda approaches health as the balance of body, mind, emotion, and spirit and uses an understanding of qualities of energy and the application of preventive and corrective treatments such as yoga, meditation, purification regimens, dietary changes, and herbal remedies. Bach flower remedies: a therapeutic system that uses specially prepared plant infusions to balance physical and emotional disturbances. bioelectromagnetics: the scientific study of electromagnetic fields and their effects on and interactions with living organisms. bioenergetics: a therapeutic system that uses breath and body movement to release and transform blocked energy and to restore health. biofeedback: the use of instrumentation to monitor, amplify, and feed back physiological information, so that a client can learn to change or regulate the process being monitored. biofield: an energy field permeating and surrounding several inches around the human body that can be manipulated therapeutically to treat illness and restore health and well-being. bioflavonoids: a naturally occurring group of antioxidant compounds found in fruits that are essential for the assimilation of vitamin C. biogenesis: a theory proposed by Thomas Huxley that life develops from pre-existing life. biophoton: a minute emission of electromagnetic energy from living organisms. birth trauma: a negative psychological imprint resulting from the birth process. blood purifier: a botanical medicine with an antibiotic action. blue-green algae: a commercially cultivated algae claimed to have health promoting properties; also known as spirulina. body-mind medicine: a healing approach that recognizes the connection between the physical and mental/emotional aspects of disease and treats both. body-mind-spirit: a central concept in holistic medicine that holds that health and healing are functions of a whole and integrated human being on the physical, mental/emotional, and spiritual levels. bodywork: the use of a wide variety of manipulative therapeutic touching techniques to treat illness and promote health. botanical medicine: the use of healing remedies derived from plant sources. calisthenics: a form of exercise that uses a system of rhythmic body movements performed without apparatus. carminative: a remedy that stimulates the expelling of gas from the alimentary canal to relieve the pain of colic and gripe. catechu: an extract from the heart wood of the Acacia catechu tree containing catechin, an astringent used for diarrhea. cellular acidosis: a decrease of alkali in body fluids due to an accumulation of acid metabolites. chakra: a vortex of physical or spiritual energy associated with the seven vital energy centers of the subtle bodies, according to Indian yogic metaphysics. chelation: a process describing how certain molecules surround and bind to metal ions and the resulting variety of biochemical alterations that occur. chelation therapy: use of chelation for purposes of treating atherosclerosis and other chronic degenerative diseases, consisting of a series of intravenous infusions with EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), accompanied by vitamins, minerals, and other supplements. chi: see qi . chiropractic medicine: a major school of Western medicine that focuses on the spine as integrally involved in maintaining health, providing primacy to the nervous system as the primary coordinator for function, and thus health, in the body; maintenance of optimal neurophysiological balance in the body is accomplished by correcting structural or biomechanical abnormalities or disrelationships through the use of chiropractic adjustment. circadian rhythm: biological activity and events that occur in a cycle of approximately twenty-four hours. clairsentience: the faculty of using touch to discern subtle variations in the biofield that are beyond the range of normal human perception. clairvoyance: the faculty of discerning information that is beyond the range of normal human perception. coenzyme Q10: a substance necessary at the cellular level for energy production; levels decrease with the aging process. colon therapy: the irrigation of the entire large intestine with water to remove toxins and promote regular bowel movements. color therapy: a therapeutic method that uses color to treat emotional and physical imbalance. complementary medicine: the use of therapeutic systems and modalities together with conventional treatments to enhance the effectiveness of therapy. craniosacral system: denotes the brain, spinal cord, cerebrospinal fluid, surrounding membranes, and their relationship within the parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system. craniosacral therapy: a therapeutic technique developed by William G. Sutherland, DO, that uses very gentle manual pressure applied to the skull, spine, and membranes to restore proper rhythmic flow to the craniosacral system and relieve pain and certain disorders closely related to the skull and spine, such as headache, TMJ, and vertigo. crystal therapy: a therapeutic method that uses crystals and gems for physical, emotional, and spiritual balance and healing. cupping: 1. a therapeutic massage technique performed by forming a hollow in the palm of the hand and striking the body with a rhythmic motion. 2. a therapeutic method in Traditional Chinese Medicine that refers to the application of a heated cup over an area of the body, which, as it cools, creates a slight suction on the area that stimulates blood circulation. dance therapy: a therapeutic method that uses dance and movement to facilitate the expression and release of blocked emotion and stress to promote health and well-being. dementia: the progressive deterioration of mental function characterized by confusion, impaired judgment and memory, and emotional apathy. dental amalgam: an alloy of mercury, tin, silver, copper, or zinc that is used for dental fillings. designer food: food that is fortified with ingredients that prevent disease, such as orange juice supplemented with calcium; also refers to genetically engineered food. detoxification: the removal of toxins or poisons and their effects from the body. DHEA (dehydroepiandrosterone): an androgenic steroid produced by the adrenal cortex believed to have an anti-aging effect; recently manufactured synthetically as a dietary supplement. diathermy: a therapeutic method that uses high-frequency electric currents to generate heat in body tissues. dietary supplement: a product taken in addition to the diet that supplies nutrients and other substances to promote health or to treat disease. dietetics: the study and application of diet in the promotion of health and treatment of disease. dilution: to reduce the potency of a solution. direct technique: a manipulative technique used to correct an area of the body (such as joint) that is resistant to full range of motion; the area is immobilized and force is applied against the barrier to restore proper function. DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide): a by-product of weed-pulp manufacture used as a solvent and as an anti-inflammatory for pain relief in certain medical conditions. do-in: a therapeutic self-help program used primarily in China and Japan for health maintenance that includes the use of acupressure, breathing, and stretching exercises. doshas: in Ayurvedic medicine, the three constitution types (vata, pitta, and kapha) that define the physical, emotional, intellectual, and spiritual tendencies that are expressed in an individual; dosha imbalance is believed to cause illness. electromagnetism: the magnetism produced by a current of electricity. elimination diet: a method used for identifying food allergies by eliminating specific foods or food types from the diet one at a time. environmental medicine: a healing approach that looks at the interaction of the environment with the body and determines how exposure and allergy to environmental toxins may be major factors in the development of disease. enzyme therapy: a therapeutic method that uses botanical supplements and animal enzymes to improve digestive function and promote health. enzymes: proteins produced by living cells that cause or enhance biochemical reactions in the body. essential: a necessary substance not manufactured by the body and that must be supplied by the diet. essential amino acids: the nine amino acids nutritionally required by the body and that must be supplied by the diet because the body does not manufacture them. essential fatty acids: a nutritionally necessary fatty acid not manufactured by the body, such as linoleic and linolenic acids. etheric body: the most proximal energy field that surrounds, permeates, and emanates from the physical body. faith healing: use of faith in God and prayer to heal. Feldenkrais: a therapeutic method that uses awareness of movement and teaches proper body movement through gentle massage, stretching, and exercise. feng shui: the practice of analyzing the relationship between the flow of the earth's qi (wind and water) and buildings and rooms and then changing their alignment and placement to harmonious patterns that will enhance the inhabitant's health and well-being. fixation: in chiropractic, an impedance of motion that inhibits the correct flow of nerve impulses and interferes with the normal state of health. flavonoids: a group of plant pigments that promote beneficial biological activity in the human body. flotation therapy: a therapeutic method using sensory deprivation to create a state of deep relaxation by having an individual float in darkness in an enclosed tank filled with salt and mineral water. free radical: a highly chemically-reactive, unpaired molecule that interacts with nearby molecules and causes cellular damage. fu zheng: a Chinese herbal therapy used in advanced cancers that uses ginseng and astragalus to extend life expectancy. functional food: a food or food ingredient that has been altered to provide health benefits by increasing its normal nutrient level. galvanic skin response: an alteration in the electrical current of the skin caused by physiochemical changes brought on by emotional reactions. Gestalt therapy: a psychotherapeutic method of increasing an individual's self-awareness and the perception of the mind as a uniform functional configuration that cannot and should not be reduced by splitting it into parts. glandulars: substances used therapeutically that are made up of freeze-dried animal glands produced in pill form and that provide a hormonal stimulant to improve glandular function. glucosamine sulfate: a natural amino sugar that occurs in the cellular membranes of joint structures and that is produced as a dietary supplement to treat arthritis. glycyrrhetinic acid: a vitamin A derivative that is believed to help prevent disease. heal: to make whole. herbal medicine: a healing approach that uses medicinal plants singly or in combination to treat disease and as a preventive to promote health and well-being. hertz (Hz): the unit of frequency that measures cycles per second of electromagnetic radiation. high sense perception: a diagnostic system that uses clairvoyance and clairsentience as its primary tools. histamine: a chemical released by the body during an allergic reaction. holistic medicine: an approach to healing that considers the whole person's body, mind, and spirit, and their interactions in the process of treating disease and promoting health and well-being. homeopathy: a unique approach to healing that uses extremely dilute medicines to trigger a person's innate capacity to heal; based on the law of similars, the observation that medicines can produce in healthy people the same symptoms they cure in the sick; approaches the whole person in a systemic manner, using naturally occurring substances to restore health on physical, emotional, and mental levels. humoralism, humorism: an approach that dates back to the Hippocratic school and is based on the belief that disease comes from imbalance among certain body fluids (such as blood, phlegm, and bile) and that restoring their balance promotes health. hydrosol: a mixture of water and essential oil obtained in the distillation of certain medicinal plant materials used in aromatherapy. hydrotherapy: the application of water, externally or internally, as a therapeutic method in the treatment of disease. hypnosis: a form of cognitive information-processing in which a suspension of peripheral awareness and critical analytic cognition can lead to apparently involuntary changes in perception, memory, mood, and physiology. hypnotherapy: a psychotherapeutic method that uses hypnosis (a trance-like state) to facilitate the relaxation of the conscious mind and make use of a heightened susceptibility to positive suggestion for the diagnosis and treatment of medical and psychological disorders. hypotension: a condition of subnormal arterial blood pressure; low blood pressure. indirect technique: a technique of manipulation that involves movement directed away from the area of restricted motion to obtain a state of balanced tension. iridology: a method of diagnosis that studies changes in the iris as indications of health and disease. ki: the Japanese term for qi. kinesiology: a diagnostic method that uses muscle-testing to determine weaknesses that indicate an individual's state of health or imbalance. lactose-intolerant: a gastrointestinal upset caused by intolerance to milk or other dairy products. light box: a specially designed box that contains a set of high-intensity broad-spectrum light bulbs and uses a reflective background and diffusing screen to produce a light stronger than ordinary indoor light; used to treat seasonal affective disorder (SAD). light-emitting diodes (LEDs): a semiconductor diode used primarily as a light source in electronic display, but more recently identified as a phototherapeutic method that can be used to stimulate healing of wounds and other skin conditions. local healing: a healing method that involves the placement of the practitioner's hands on the client's body. malabsorption: a defect that interferes with the absorption of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract. mandala: a graphic symbol of the universe in a circular design, used in Buddhist and Hindu art. manipulation: a therapeutic technique that uses the application of manual force in various bodywork modalities such as osteopathy, chiropractic, and massage. massage: a therapeutic method of manually applying rubbing, stroking, tapping, and kneading to the body (either a particular area or the whole body) for the purpose of treating physical and emotional disorders, increasing blood flow, reducing pain, and promoting relaxation, muscle tension release, and general health and well-being. materia medica: a written text concerned with the source, preparation, dosage, and administration of substances used medicinally as drugs or in the practice of homeopathy. medical acupuncture: the therapeutic insertion of solid needles in various combinations and patterns based on a combination of traditional concepts (such as encouraging the flow of qi) and modern concepts (such as recruiting neuroanatomical activities in segmental distributions). meditation: a technique originally developed as a spiritual discipline that uses intention to direct one's focus on a word or the breath as a means to increase awareness of the present, reduce stress, promote relaxation, and attain personal and spiritual growth. megadose: a very large dose (usually of vitamins) that surpasses the recommended daily allowance and is used therapeutically to prevent or to treat disease or in nutritional deficiency. megavitamins: a very large dose of a specific vitamin given for therapeutic or preventive purposes; also known as orthomolecular medicine. melatonin: a hormone formed by the pineal gland that is involved with the function and balance of the circadian rhythm; manufactured synthetically as a dietary supplement and promoted as a treatment for insomnia and jet lag. mental healing: the use of conscious intent by a healer to produce a healing effect in another individual. meridian: in traditional Asian medicine, a circuit that loops throughout the body and carries the vital qi along one of 12 main channels connecting, regulating, and balancing the function of the principle organs and body structures; in acupuncture, specific points along the meridians are used to correct the flow of qi and to restore proper function. metamorphic technique: a therapeutic method that teaches the use of pressure applied by circular finger movements on the feet, ankles, wrists, hands, and head to promote healing and to balance the body's energies. metaphysics: the branch of philosophy that investigates the origin and nature of reality and generally refers to that which is outside objective experience. motion palpation: a diagnostic method that uses passive and active examination of a segmental joint with the hands to determine range of motion. motor hand: the hand that the practitioner uses to induce passive movement in the subject. music therapy: a therapeutic method that uses music to help an individual release repressed emotions in the treatment of certain physical and emotional disorders and to promote relaxation, stress reduction, and general health and well-being. naturopathy: a philosophy and way of life that emphasizes the body's ability to heal itself naturally by living within the laws of nature and by the use of natural foods and medicines that support self-healing mechanisms (such as homeopathy and nutritional therapy); intervention therapies that are noninvasive and have a low incidence of side effects (such as massage and hydrotherapy); proper exercise; fresh air; commitment to improving the quality of the environment, and avoidance of drugs and surgery. neural therapy: a therapeutic method that uses injection of anesthetics into certain points of the autonomic nervous system and/or acupuncture meridian system to correct disruptions in biological energy and to treat the resulting imbalances that cause certain disorders. neurotropic injection technique: a therapeutic technique that involves the injection of small amounts (0.5 ml or less) of sterile saline solution into the back muscles near where the nerves enter on either side of the spine to improve nerve function, circulation, relieve pain, and treat a number of other disorders. nocebo effect: the negative effects of a placebo. noninvasive: referring to a diagnostic or treatment procedure that does not involve physical penetration of the skin or any body orifice. nonlocal: an influence that occurs from a distance. nosode: a minute dosage of substance derived from diseased tissue or body secretions used to induce an immune response and provide immunization against the specific disease from which the remedy was prepared. nutriceutical: a food- or plant-based supplement used for treatment or prevention of specific medical conditions. orthomolecular medicine: the adjustment of concentrations of molecules (e.g., vitamins, minerals, amino acids, hormones, and metabolic intermediates) that are normally present in the body for the prevention and treatment of disease. osteopathy: a complete system of health care that teaches and practices the concepts of the body as a unit that possesses self-protecting and self-regulating mechanisms and that, because its structure and function are reciprocally interrelated, can achieve normalization of function by restoring structural integrity through use of therapeutic (such as osteopathic technique) and diagnostic approaches that effectively, gently, and functionally promote local and systemic homeostasis. palpation: the art of feeling by hand to determine a variety of parameters governing the health and mobility of the tissues on or near the surface of the body. parapsychology: the study of extrasensory perception and paranormal psychological phenomena such as clairvoyance and psychokinesis. pet therapy: a therapeutic approach based on the concept that the loving interaction between a person and pet has positive health benefits and can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and help alleviate depression and feelings of isolation. pharmacopoeia: a written text issued by an officially recognized authority that describes the standards for the strength, purity, and formulation of therapeutic agents (drugs, chemicals, and other medical preparations). pharmafood: a food or nutrient that is used to prevent or treat disease, or improve health. phytoestrogens: a plant compound with chemical constituents similar to the hormone estrogen. phytotherapy: the therapeutic application of plants. placebo: an innocuous substance or treatment that is given for its suggestive effect; a substance or treatment given to the control group in a blinded controlled trial in order to distinguish between effects of the substance or treatment being tested and the effects of suggestion. polarity: the presence of contrasted energy properties. polarity therapy: a therapeutic method based on the theory that positive and negative energies flow throughout the body along five predictable pathways and that the flow can be balanced by the placement of the polarity therapist's hands at specific points along the channel to correct certain disorders. polyunsaturated fats: an oil with double or triple bonds that can bind to hydrogen. potentized: refers to the preparation of homeopathic remedies whereby a substance is diluted and “succussed,” or shaken, to make the remedy more active and effective. prana: in the yogic tradition, the invisible life force that flows throughout the universe and originates in the body with the breath. pranayama: in the yogic tradition, a term for breath control. probiotic: a dietary supplement, such as acidophilus, that enhances and restores the normal balance of bacteria in the intestines. progestin: a hormone released by the corpus luteum. psychic healing: healing that occurs from intervention through nonmaterial or paranormal means. psychoneuroimmunology: the study of the nervous system, brain, and emotional states and how their interaction affects the immune system and the outcome of disease. psychosomatic medicine: a field of medical research and practice that examines the influence of the mind and emotions on the development of bodily disorders and disease and uses physical and psychological means to treat them. psychotherapy: a form of treatment that uses verbal communication, or “talk therapy,” to gain an awareness, understanding, and resolution of emotional, behavioral, and psychiatric disorders and related physical disorders. qi (chi, ki): pronounced “chee”; in traditional Asian philosophies, the unified vital life energy that permeates and animates the individual and the universe; in acupuncture, illness is the result of blocked qi. qigong: a major branch of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM); denotes methods used to cultivate, regulate, and harness qi (vital energy) for general self-preservation and health, healing, self-defense, longevity, and, particularly, spiritual development. recommended daily (or dietary) allowance (RDA): the minimum amount of vitamins and nutrients necessary to maintain health and prevent nutritional deficiency. reflexology: a therapeutic method that uses manual pressure applied to specific areas, or zones, of the foot that correspond to areas of the body, in order to relieve stress and prevent and treat physical disorders. Rolfing: a therapeutic method of systematic, deep, gentle muscle massage that is used to realign the body's structure, restore balance, and improve posture; also called structural integration. seasonal affective disorder (SAD): a depressive mood disorder that recurs especially in winter and spontaneously remits in the spring; characterized by fatigue, morning hypersomnia, weight gain, and carbohydrate craving. sensing hand: in manual therapies, the hand that senses and assesses changes caused by the motion of the motor hand. shamanism: a method of healing practiced in traditional cultures, each of which dresses it in rituals and explanatory systems appropriate to its own time, place, and cosmology and which may include the use of meditation, prayer, chanting, and other practices, often in combination with herbalism. shark cartilage: a dietary supplement derived from the cartilage of sharks and that is used as a cancer treatment due to idea that sharks rarely get cancer; it is believed that this is because of some special protective properties in their cartilage. Shiatsu: literally, “finger pressure”; a therapeutic massage technique that applies vigorous pressure to specific points on the meridian system to treat medical conditions and to balance one's energy, thus promoting health and well-being. somatic dysfunction: difficult or impaired function of the somatic system. sorbitol: a product of glucose and sorbose found in fruits and which can accumulate in diabetics. sounding the body: a diagnostic and therapeutic method used by a sound healer to analyze an individual's energy frequencies in order to indicate imbalances which can be corrected by the application of sound using either the healer's voice or tuning forks. spiritual energy: the cosmic or universal vital force that originates from beyond the material level and gives life to physical organisms. spiritual healing: the systematic, purposeful intervention by one or more persons aiming to help another living being or beings (whether person, animal, plant, or other living system) by means of focused intention, by touch, or by holding the hands near the other being, without application of physical, chemical, or conventional energetic means of intervention. steroids: a group of organic or synthetic compounds with similar chemical composition, including drugs, hormones, and other bodily substances. structural exam: a diagnostic technique used by osteopaths that involves an observational and manual (palpation) assessment of a lengthy series of specific factors that reveal a client's condition. subluxation: the partial dislocation of the bones within a joint, interfering with proper neurophysiological function; realignment of the bones is known as chiropractic adjustment. t'ai chi ch'uan: an ancient Chinese system of meditative movements used to maintain a healthy mental and physical state. theosophy: a spiritual philosophy based on the view that knowledge of God and the universe come from intuitive or mystical insight that can lead to self-mastery and self-determination. thrust: in chiropractic, a gentle, high-velocity, short-amplitude directional force applied manually to an area of the body in order to correct its alignment. tonic: an herbal preparation used as a restorative and preventive agent to cleanse, invigorate the system, and maintain health. toning: a therapeutic technique used in sound healing where an individual generates a soft resonant sound to balance the mind and body, promote relaxation, and reduce stress. Traditional Chinese Medicine: a coherent system of medicine that views the human body as a whole and as a part of nature; while harmony within bodily functions and between the body and nature maintains health, disease occurs when this harmony is disrupted and can be restored by several therapeutic approaches such as Chinese herbal medicine, acupuncture/moxibustion, Tui Na (Chinese massage and acupressure), mind–body exercise, and Chinese dietary therapy. transcranial electrostimulation: a therapeutic method that uses external electrical stimulation of the brain through the skull. transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS): a therapeutic method in which a low-voltage electrical current is delivered to the nerves by attaching electrodes to the skin in order to relieve pain by stimulating endorphin production. trigger points: points on the body in the muscles and fascia that are painful when pressed and can be deactivated with trigger point therapy. vibrational medicine: a system of healing that posits that disease originates from an imbalance or blockage of energy and that certain therapeutic methods such as homeopathy, color, sound, or crystal healing and certain biofield therapies can be used to unblock and balance the energies and restore health and well-being. vis medicatrix naturae: literally, “the healing power of nature.” visualization therapy: a therapeutic method that uses imagery to correct unhealthy attitudes and views. yang organs: the hollow outer organs, such as the intestines, spleen, gallbladder, and the skin. yin and yang: in Chinese philosophy, the two opposite yet complementary dynamic components that make up the body and the universe; yin is the feminine, passive, dark, cold, moist aspect; yang is the active, light, warm, dry aspect; yin and yang blend and balance to maintain a harmonious healthy state in the body, but when unbalanced, the qi becomes disturbed and can result in illness. yin or yang deficiency: an imbalance in the equilibrium of yin and yang that causes the yin or yang energy to become stagnant; this deficiency gives rise to illness. yin organs: the dense, internal organs, such as the kidneys, lungs, liver, and bones. yoga: an ancient Indian philosophy that uses gentle stretching exercises, breath control, and meditation to gain self-mastery and self-realization. Zen therapy: a spiritual discipline that uses meditative practices to achieve the integration of the body, mind, and spirit and, thus, self-realization and enlightenment. zone therapy: another term for reflexology. Document Outline
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