Founding
Balliol College – one of the university's oldest constituent colleges
The University of Oxford has no known foundation date.
[17]
Teaching at Oxford
existed in some form as early as 1096, but it is unclear when a university came into
being.
[1]
It grew quickly in 1167 when English students returned from the
University of Paris.
[1]
The historian Gerald of Wales lectured to such scholars in
1188 and the first known foreign scholar, Emo of Friesland, arrived in 1190. The
head of the university was named a chancellor from at least 1201 and the masters
were recognised as a universitas or corporation in 1231. The university was
granted a royal charter in 1248 during the reign of King Henry III.
[18]
After disputes between students and Oxford townsfolk in 1209, some academics
fled from the violence to Cambridge, later forming the University of
Cambridge.
[10][19]
Aerial view of Merton College's Mob Quad, the oldest quadrangle of the
university, constructed in the years from 1288 to 1378
The students associated together on the basis of geographical origins, into two
"nations", representing the North (Northern or Boreales, which included the
English people north of the River Trent and the Scots) and the South (
Southern or
Australes, which included English people south of the Trent, the Irish and the
Welsh).
[20][21]
In later centuries, geographical origins continued to influence many
students' affiliations when membership of a college or hall became customary in
Oxford. In addition to this, members of many religious orders, including
Dominicans, Franciscans, Carmelites and Augustinians, settled in Oxford in the
mid-13th century, gained influence and maintained houses or halls for students.
[22]
At about the same time, private benefactors established colleges to serve as self-
contained scholarly communities. Among the earliest such founders were William
of Durham, who in 1249 endowed University College,
[22]
and John Balliol, father
of a future King of Scots; Balliol College bears his name.
[20]
Another founder,
Walter de Merton, a Lord Chancellor of England and afterwards Bishop of
Rochester, devised a series of regulations for college life;
[23][24]
Merton College
thereby became the model for such establishments at Oxford,
[25]
as well as at the
University of Cambridge. Thereafter, an increasing number of students forsook
living in halls and religious houses in favour of living in colleges.
[22]
In 1333–34, an attempt by some dissatisfied Oxford scholars to found a new
university at Stamford, Lincolnshire was blocked by the universities of Oxford and
Cambridge petitioning King Edward III.
[26]
Thereafter, until the 1820s, no new
universities were allowed to be founded in England, even in London; thus, Oxford
and Cambridge had a duopoly, which was unusual in western European
countries.
[27][28]
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