Dilgam ismailov
participants in the center of the rebellion supporters of the
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participants in the center of the rebellion supporters of the religious sect were called the “kharijilar” (foreigners). They demanded the caliph elected by the people. Riots was launched simultaneously in several countries could not cope with it. The protest was increased against the Caliphate in 71 748-752. Though, it was headed by the local feudal chiefs, but in almost all part of the population. In 748 Barda, Beylagan and Ardabil soon spread throughout the revolt. Revolt was led by Musaphir which was butcher. The Abbasid had ruthlessly suppressed all riots which directed to the caliphate. Musaphir was killed in battle. In the second half of the VIII century protests against the caliphate was restored again. During the reign of Caliph Harun ar-Rashid, the rebellion was over 15. Beylagan and Barda was the main focus of revolts. Revolts were covered Shirvan, Dagestan and other provinces in Azerbai- jan. Darbands distinguished particularly. Khazars gave mi- litary help to Darbands. These revolts paved the way for Khurram movement. Khurram movement lasted 60 years (778-838). This movement was against Arab rule and feudal oppression. Khurram demanded to give land to the people. They wanted to distribute material wealth equally among the peo- ple. Khurram fought for social equality. Khurram for the first time in the fight against the foreign invaders and raised a red flag as a symbol of freedom and wore a red dress. In Azerbaijan struggled sharply between Javidan who led the Khurram and Abu Imran. Javidan was the owner Bazz tower. In the 816 at the first meeting with Babek, he felt that Javidan was a patriotic young man. He brought with him to Bazz. Babak was born in a poor family Bilalabad near the village of Ardabil in 798. Khurram’s revolts happened a few times till Babek. The revolt 778 suppressed soon. The second revolt occurred in 808 during the period Harun ar-Rashid. The revolt was led by 72 Javidan. The Arabs could barely with the rebels. Many of the rebels were destroyed. In one of the battles in 816 Javidan and Abu Imran killed each other. The leadership to Khurram passed to the hands of Babek. Meanwhile, Babak was 18 years old. The failure of the revolts showed that the personal differences between Javidan and Abu Imran weakened the fight against the enemy. Babak created a strict military discipline in the army. In the battles was led by Muawiyah, Abdullah (both were Babek’s brothers), Tarkhan, Adin (Aydin), Rustam. Villagers were the main driving forces of Liberation Army. There took part the urban poor, artisans, large and medium feudal. Khurramites center was Azerbaijan. The war started here. Said Nafisi, Iranian historian acknowledges that "in the present Khurramiddin which was dominated by Babek is a wide country in northwestern Iran." This is a part of the territory of South Azerbaijan, the other part of is the Republic of Azerbaijan. Caliph sent the first regular army against Khurram in 819. The rebels defeated the army. In the early 20 th years IX century Babeky was released Syunik, Barda, Beylagan, Karabakh, several cities in Arran by defeating enemies. Khurramits won the battles I Hasdadsar in 829 and II Hasdadsar in the year 836. In the 830 Khurramits again won the battle of I Hamadan and took the city of Hamadan. At the end of 833 the battle was begin again near the city of Hamadan. Khurram suffered a heavy defeat for the first time in the battle II Hamadan. After this victory Caliph stopped the war against Byzantium. All the army directed against Babeky. 73 The famous commander Afshin was appointed leader in chief of the Arab army in 835. He was commander of Turkish origin. Afshin passed the headquarters to Barzand which is close to the fortification Khurramit. The length of the struggle for freedom and cover large areas did him difficult to led. There were losses, the peoples tired of long wars. During the longer war, decreasing the number of Khurramis, but the enemy had new forces. Sahl ibn Sumbat, ibn Beis, Abu Musa and others gradually disappeared from him. Afshin was the ru- ler central provinces of Iran and Azerbaijan. Caliph had gi- ven him exceptional powers. Caliph sent two large army and 30 million dirhams for help Afshin in 837. Afshin has made an offer of peace to Babek. And he tried to believe him that to Khalifa give him a pardon. The aim was to use from Babek against Byzantium. But Babek did not accept this proposal. Last battle- Bazz began on August 26 in 837. 100 thousand strong military of the Byzantine emperor in an attempt to crack down on the back Arabs did not help Babeki. Babek’s brave commander Adin (Aydin) was headed to defend of the Bazz tower. 100 thousand people from arabs, 80 thousand people from Khurrams were killed. Arabs were entered Bazz hardly. Babak came to Arran after the collapse of Bazz tower. His aim was to go to the Byzantine emperor, gained new force for to continue the war. After the battle of Bazz, despite all attempts of Afshin, Babek did not surrender. Afshin received a letter from caliph of consent about forgiveness Babek. Babak did not change his mind. So, caliph changed his mind. He was declared that it will award 2 million dirhams to the man who has handed over alive. Sahl ibn Sumbat betrayed him 74 and handed over him to the Arabs. He was a former ally of Babek. Babek was executed the orders of Caliph Motasim on March 14 in 838 at Samira. In the struggle for freedom the betrayal of the largest nobles and their help to the Arabs were the main reasons defeat of the war. The involvement in the war against Khurram commanders and fighters of Turkish origin was also a major factor. Because they were brave and warlike men. The Movement Khurram by led Babak had the importance of the struggle for freedom. It was shaken and fundamentally undermined the Caliphate. This movement gave an impetus to the struggle for freedom for other nations under the rule of the Caliphate. In the IX century the end of the 30 and early 40 was a strong rebellion at Barda, Marand, Kur-Araz valley. The rebels resisted at the castle Ktic in Karabakh. The rebellion was suppressed hardly. Abu Musa was killed by way of deception. The Caliphate undermined previous position fundamentally and could not recover. From the second half of the IX century independent states had occurred caliphate associate countries and as well as Azerbaijan. 4.The formation of the Azerbaijani people and language. During the period of the Caliphate Byzantine lost its value in world trade. After that increased the importance of Derbent, Beylagan, Barda, Ardabil, Tabriz, Maragha, Nakhchivan and other Azerbaijan cities. These cities were actively involved in trade with other countries of the Caliphate. Barda, Ardabil and Gulsura were the main trading centers. In Barda the shopping center "Kurki" had 75 compete with the rich Gulsura. Azerbaijani cities had mediating for trade between North-East Asian countries and Eastern Europe with Caliphate. Derbent the beach of Caspian Sea, Baku, Abaskun, Astrabad ports which were the main focus of the Caliphate to trade with the countries of the North and East. The Arabs changed direction of Byzantines the main trade route from the Black Sea the east side - the Caspian Sea. Cities of Azerbaijan revived. Barda had become a transit trade center with the North which were united all trade routes Arabs of Caucasus. Commercial and cultural center Ganja was more attractive. During the Caliphate developed science, education and culture in Azerbaijan. Teaching was conducted in Arabic. This period was which Albania's political and cultural revival. The author of "Albanian history" Musa Kalankatli was a contemporary of Albanian ruler Javanshir. He wrote this work in the order of ruler Alban. The work consists of 3 parts. The second book reflects the dominance Javanshir and attacks Arabs to Albania. At the book is given to a wide information Sasani- Byzantine and Sasani-Arab wars. "Kitabi - Dede Korkud" epos was completed during the rule of the Caliphate. Epos has been translated into Arabic in the IX century. The first Arabic-speaking poets and writers had been in VII - VIII centuries in Azerbaijan. Among the poets Devdek (Davdagh), wrote an elegy for the death of Javanshir in the VII century. During the Caliphate articles written on monuments by the inscription of Kufic (copy form) of Arabic alphabet. 76 In the direction of formation Islam identified a new de- velopment of architecture and urban development in Azerbaijan. The Azerbaijan Architecture the “dome buil- ding” so widespread till VIII century. Near the city of Barda river-bed stone bridge built over the river Tartar most typical example of the architecture of the Caliphate period. Every nation and its language formed within a specific area of his ancestors. It is possible, if the necessary condi- tions for the formation of each nation. The necessary con- ditions are: language, territorial integrity and unity of cul- ture, local economical relations. The Azerbaijan people appe- ared according originates from the Turkish tribes of indigenous ethnic groups. The map was very wide which Turkish tribes in. Its borders stretched from in the west Anadolu, began from the Egey Sea to the Chinese east border. Ancient and medieval sources mention the names of the various Turkic tribes (Kimmers, Schits Massagets, Saks, Khazars, Kipchaqs etc.). Although, the names were different, but the family were unite. Today, Azerbaijani Turks their successors. VII, VIII centuries of Arab occupation and the religion of Islam spread all over the territory of Azerbaijan, have been squeeze out other (idolatry, Zoroastrianism, Christianity in particular) religions. Islam became the dominant idology. Prevented attacks the foreign armies in Azerbaijan. Economic and political stability restored in the country. This stability stimulated the revival culture of the economy, development of Azerbaijani culture by Islamic culture. The unity of the Turkic tribes were strengthened, with the formation of the Turkish language were ended. 77 Religious fighting ended. There was religious unity between the Turkish and non-Turkish peoples. VI Theme. Feudal states of Azerbaijan in IX-XII centuries. 1. The feudal states in Azerbaijan during the fall of the Caliphate 2. Azerbaijan part of the Great Seljuk Empire 3. The states of Shirvanshahs and Atabaylar 4.The socio-economic and cultural development of the IX- XII centuries 1. The feudal states in Azerbaijan during the fall of the Caliphate In the eleventh century Caliphate had been weake- ned. As a result of the strengthening feudal relations position of the largest feudal lords strengthened, provincial ruler’ freedom increased, the struggle against feudal oppres- sion and liberation movement in the occupied territories were widespread. There were small states - emirates peripheries of empires. The states ruled by individual commanders and former Arab successors. After the Arab slavery Shirvanshakhs, Saji, Salari, Ravvadi, Shaddadis states were the establishment of the revival of the ancient statehood traditions of Azerbaijan. Islam was the official religion in all of these states. Islam played a crucial role the formation of all of the population of Azerbaijan and our nation. Also Islam played a positive role uniting Turkish and non-Turkish ethnic groups against foreign invaders. 78 The collapse of the Abbasid caliphate Shirvanshakhs was one of the independent feudal states in Azerbai- jan. Previously Shirvan was a small Azerbaijani lands all area in the east-north Azerbaijan. It was covered Derbent towards to the Kura River, Azerbaijani lands coast of Caspian Sea. The center of this area was Shirvan city on the Caspian Sea. Later, Shirvanshakhs in their subject areas called "Shirvan" in the north of Azerbaijan. Mazyadis dynasty ruled the country. Mazyadis Shirvansakh dynasty called Sheybanis or Yazidis. Mazyadis were the people of the Arabian origin named Rabia. Outstanding representative of Mazyadis Yazid ibn Mazyad was a ruler in the South Caucasus region, as well as the Shirvan, during the Harun ar-Rashid (786- 809). Many Arabic were moved to Azerbaijan from Rabia tribe, as well as Egypt and Syria to build support for the caliphate. Arabs, mainly spread in Aran, Shirvan and Derbent. The first time in the late VIII century Mazyadis created semi-feudal state -emirate, which the capital of the Barda in Aran. Barda was the center of all North Caucaus at that time. Who ruled the Azerbaijani lands, as well as the Aran, Shirvan, Derbent and Armenian territory of the Arab successor Yazid ibn Mazyad’s residence was in Barda, too. All the land he ruled as governor of Shirvan. Yazid ibn Mazyad died in Barda in 801 and was buried here. In 859 his son Muhammad ibn Yazid had recovered ancient Ganja, moved his residence here. The adoption of Islam in Azerbaijan and the process of forming a unified Azerbaijani people, Mazyadis dynasty became Turkish. In 861 Heysam ibn Khalid - from Mazyadis dynasty declared independent Shirvan and received the title of Shirvanshakh. In 917 the 79 neighboring Lahijanshahlig were combined to state of Shirvan. In this regard, Shirvansakh Abu Tahir (917-948) has restored the ancient Shamakhi, the capital transferred here in 918. After this the capital of Shirvanshakhs was called Yezidiyya. Shirvanshakhs seized Gabala (981-982), Barda (982) and Shabran (983). It was a great importance Derbent Emirate ruler by Hashemite to combining (988) to the Shirvanshakhs state. Derbent as called the "Iron Gates" guarded Shirvanshakhs attacks in the northern tribes. Therefore, Shirvanshakhs repaired and strengthened borders of Derbent. After Derbent, Khursan, Tabarsaran, Sheki and Sanariya were combined to Shirvanshakhs. Saji state of Azerbaijan established by Saji which of Turkic dynasty (879-941). As a rule, this dynasty called the Afshin. Sajies origin was ancient Turkic region Asrusan (Usrusana) in the Central Asia. The famous commander of Arab army - Afshin Heydar ibn Kavus was in this generation. During wars between the Byzantine and Caliphate the new Turkish tribes were moved to Azerbaijan and Eastern Anatolia from the Central Asia for strengthen the borders of the Byzantine - Caliphate. In the struggle against the Byzantine Empire and Union Christian bloc of the Armenian-Georgian feudal lords, Islamic-Turkish including the Azerbaijani Turks played an important role. According to the sources, the founder of the dynasty Sajid Abu Saj Divdad was known Turkish generals serving in the troops of Caliphate. He had led repeatedly the most complex military operations of Arab armies, and took important tasks in Caliphate. For they services, Azerbaijan was given to the Sajid as property. Sajid, who ruled Azerbaijan as an independent, sent tribute to treasury of caliphate 120 thousand dinars for a year. Abu Saj Divdad’s sons Mu- 80 hammad ibn Abu Saj and Yusuf ibn Abu Saj were the greatest generals of the Caliphate. At the end of the ninth century (898- 900) minted coins in the name of Mohammed ibn Abu Saj. After the death of Muhammad, during his brother Yusuf ibn Abu Saj completely stopped tribute to the treasury of the Caliphate since in 912. Yusuf ibn Abu Saj de- feated troops of rulers Armenian and Georgian repeatedly, and took over the territory of Armenia, Tbilisi and Kakheti. Sajid were subject to state of Shirvan them. Thus, the X century Sajid state of Azerbaijan covered from Zanjan to Derbent to the whole territory of Azerbaijan. The state Sajid's eastern borders were started shores of the Caspian Sea, and western borders were extended Ani and Dabil (Dvin) cities near the Yerevan. Yusuf ibn Abu Saj repaired barrier Derbent to strengthen the state's border. Cutting coins to named Saci ruler Yusuf in Barda, Maragha and Ardabil, showed that, Azerbaijan did not depend on Abbasid caliphate was an in- dependent state. Previously, Saji’s capital was the city of Maragha, and then was the city of Ardabil. Azerbaijani lan- ds was a part of Azerbaijan-Turkish people – Sajid state, it was showed a positive effect to the formation of the deepening of economic and cultural relations across the country. Ruler of Daylam (Gilan) Marzban ibn Muhammad won in 941 to the last ruler of Saji - Deysam, seized of the country's capital Ardabil. Marzban ibn Muhammad (941- 957) was from a dynasty Salaris (941-981). Therefore, the state is known as Salari state in the Azerbaijan history. The capital of Salari state was the city Ardabil, too. Salaries subjugated the north-western lands and the state of 81 Shirvan. Derbent subjugated. In addition, Marzban ibn Mohammed annexed territory of present Armenia and East Georgia. Thus, Salari became state of how covering from the north Derbent passage to upper Euphrates and Tigris Rivers in the south, in the east coast of the Caspian Sea, including the present-day Armenia in the west, and eastern Georgia, vast territories. During the dynasty Salari after Sajids all over Azerbaijani lands again merged within a single state. These showed a positive effect development of economic ties across the whole country, crafts and trade, progress, expan- sion of foreign trade. Salarids period of merchant ships began to swim in the Caspian Sea. Azerbaijan's military, economic and political role increased in the Middle East. Mingling with the people of various ethnic groups intensified. After the death of Marzban ibn Muhammad (957) on the wars between his sons and his brother Vahsudan weakened the Salarids. The frequent invasions of the littoral regions by Slavs, especially the robbery of Barda and terrible reprisals to population of the city in 944, accelerated the overthrow of Salarids. The time of weakening of Salarids, one of the biggest strengthened feudal of Azerbaijan – ruler of Tabriz, Maragha and Ahar Abulhija removed the last Salari monarch Ibrahim ibn Marzban (962- 981) in 981, laid the foundation the new state - Ravvadies. During the occupation of Caliphate, many Arab families moved to the southern regions of Azerbaijan. During the rule of Caliph Ali (656- 661), Arab tribes of Basra and Kufa settled in the region Ardabil. The family of Azdies settled in the regions of Tabriz, Ahar, Maragha and Karadagh. The founder of 82 this family was ar- Ravvad al-Azdy who was originally from Yemen. Like other Arab families settled in Azerbaijan, Ravvadids intermingle with the local residents. At the end of the VIII century created the emirate - Ravvadid. Ravvadids subjugated the ruler Mughan them. During the reign of Ravvadis, position of Oguz Turks strengthened in the Azerbaijan. In 1028 after the hard coup to Khorasan’s Oguzes by Mahmoud Qaznavi, about 2000 Oguz family moved to Azerbaijan and Ravvadid ruler's Vahsudan allowed to lived here them (1020-1059). They mixed their fellow Azerbaijani Turks. Not long thereafter, new streams of oguz tribes took place. The position of Azerbaijani Turks strengthened against to the Armenian- Georgian feudal lords and the Byzantine Empire. Capital of Ravvadids moved to Tabriz from Ardabil. Shaddadids lived previously in the vicinity of Dabil (Dvin). Muhammad ibn Shaddad created independent feudal state - Emirate Dabil in 951, which uses the weakening Salari. In 971 Shaddadids seized Ganja and founded the state Shaddadids and very soon stabled in Barda, Shamkir and other Azerbaijani lands. Shaddadid state further strengthened during the reign of Fazl ibn Muhammad (985-1030). He had canceled all around the small feudal property Ganja, strengthened the central government. Fazl ibn Muhammad combined the Dabil to his own state. The ruler Armenian was forced to pay tribute to Shaddadids sta- tes. Furthermore Fazl ibn Muhammad fought with the Georgian feudal lords and the Khazars successfully. During his reign the bridge named “Khudafarin” (1027) over the Araz River played an important role expanding economic 83 and cultural relation and between the northern and southern areas of Azerbaijan. There was a close link between the Shaddadids and Shirvan years of Fazl. Between both the dynasty Azerbaijan had family relations too. Shaddadids were keeping friendly relations with Ravvadids and Jafar ibn Ali, the Emir of Tbilisi. In the 30 years of XI century, new tribes settled in northern lands of Araz, further increased military power of Shaddadids. Bizans Armenian troops have been trying to seize Dabil. But Shaddadids hit them heavy blow (1037). In 1038- the combined forces feudals of the Byzantine and Georgian failed in an attempt to eliminate Tbilisi the Islamic Emirate. The Oguz turkish took an active part in all these brawls. Shaddadid state strengthened further in the period Abulasvar Shavur (1049-1067). There were wars with the Georgia and its allies Shirvanshaks state. Georgian King Bagrat IV was afraid the force of Shaddadids. At that time, the Tbilisi Muslim Emirate was headed by the Jafari's dynasty. Bagrat IV allowed to attack alan tribes entering into Azerbaijan across Daryal passage in 1062. In 1063 Shavur was prepared the castle gates firm to strengthen the protection of the city of Ganja. The famous castle gates of Ganja made blacksmith Ibrahim Osmanoglu. At that time Shaddadids fought against the Armenian feudal lords and who helped them- the Byzantine Empire, as well as, to keep out of the father-grandfather lands - Dabil and to protect who depend on them - Ani Emirate. In the east of Asia combined force of military coup Shaddads was Oguz Turks who fought against Byzantine and Armenian military forces and feudal 84 lords. In this fight a strong ally of Shaddadids later became the Seljuk Turks then. Absence of a single state in the terri- tory of the country for a long time, feudal fragmentation, chaos and political problems did difficult fight against the alien attacks. Since the end of the ninth century the Slavs began to organize robbery marches to the Caspian provinces. Arab sources Slavs who marches to the shores of the Caspian Sea, "the Russians" are included. Slavs raids, which started in the second half of the IX century, began to get restless character in the beginning of the tenth century. In 909 they were appeared with 16 ships in the Caspian Sea. They seized the island Abaskun in the south of Caspian Sea and began to plunder coastal areas. But the local population has inflicted a heavy defeat on them. In 910 Slav forces raided this place again. They committed lootings, fires in the Sari Island. Then, they attacked to the shores of the Caspian Sea, Iran. But the king of Gilan beat them. The retreating Slavs were destroyed by the troops of Shirvanshakhs. In 914 was a more serious military campaign the Slavs (50 thousand people) to the coast of Caspian Sea. Through came to pass the Khazar khanate, they promised to be captured half of the spoils to the people of Caspian. They stabled in outskirts of Baku and on the coast Caspian Sea Azerbaijani islands Pirallahi, Sahilan, Zira, Small Zira, Great Zira (Nargin), Zanbila (Duvanny), Khara Zira, Sari (Sara). During the march of 914 year Slavs looted continuously Caspian settlements. They tortured civilians. Women and children were taken into captivity. When they returned, on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea occurred fighting 15 thousand people Muslims Turkish between with Slavs 85 troops. The Russians were destroyed, bunch of much smal- ler -five thousand of them ran, could save lives. Khorezm, caspian, burtas (mordva) and bulgar turks the took part of this battle against the Russians. After this collision Russian invasion not repeated to the coast of Caspia for a while. In 944 Slavs came to seize became popular as ever "The largest city in the Caucasus", "The main city of Arran" - Barda and to strengthen in Azerbaijan. During the difficult days of Barda, Salari ruler Mohammed bin Marzban besieged the city with army of 30 thousand people. He was using military dodge heavy blow to the enemy, could not get the city. They could not break the struggle of population also the longer the time that more victims and infectious diseases to break the Russians began were leaving the city. After 944 year flooding Barda could not wake up again. Craft- smanship and trade collapsed. Famous Barda trade lost its im- portance. The cut off the money stopped in the city. After that, Salaries would not interest the restoration of the city. Soon after the disaster the 944 year Shaddadids, who creating an independent state in northern lands of Azerbaijan, choosing their capital Ganja (971), accelerated the collapse of Barda. Azerbaijan judges also asked for help Slavs against the local nobles. In 987 Derbent ruler Amir Maymun ibn Ahmad asked for help Slavs in this regard. In 1030 Slavs again attacked to the shores of the Caspian Sea. They defeated troops Shirvanshakhs near Baku the place where were joined Araz and Kura. At that time Musa, the son of the ruler of Sha- ddads Fazl ibn Muhammad, called for help Slavs to defeat the rebellious of brother Askuyan in Beylagan. After harmed the people of Beylagan, were gaved great gift to Slavs. They re- turned to their home countries pass through the Byzantine. 86 In the years 1031- 1033 Shirvan was exposed devastating attack. Alans, serirs and Slavs seized and looted the capital of Shirvanshakhs Yezidiyya (Shamakhi). Ruler Derbent amir Mansour ibn Maymun inflicted a heavy defeat sarirs and Slavs which returned from Shirvan. As can be seen since the IX century Azerbaijan began to be subjected to harassment from the Caspian Sea. 2.Azerbaijan part of the Great Seljuk Empire. In the middle of the XI century, Great Seljuk Empire was established, which covered the territories from the Central Asia to the Mediterranean Sea and from Derbent passage to the Persian Gulf. Names of Seljuk Turks who originates Oguz turks from the name of the famous Turkish commander Saljuk. Seljuk was from the tribe “ginig” of oguz’s. Seljuks began westward flowing, because they were dislodge by Karahans and Gaznavies. The target of the attack of Seljuk Turks was the Byzantine lands. Seljuk Turks troops were victorious to the Byzantine forces, passing through the territory of Iran and Azerbaijan. At the beginning of the eleventh century the Seljuk oguzes settled in Khorasan. The first Seljuk state occurred in 1038 which the capital was the city of Nishapur. The grandson of Saljuk Tugrul Bey (1038- 1063) was proclaimed sultan. On 23 May in the year of 1040 military forces of Gaznavies were scattered in collision Dandanakan. Immediately after the victory Dandanakan collected large conference in Merv (1040), it was decided to launch military operations to the east and to the west. In 1043 the capital of state transferred from the city Nishapur to the city Ray. 87 Selcuk troops began to march to three directions - toward the direction Hamadan, Isfahan, Gilan and Azerbaijan. The parts of moving in the direction Gilan passed the river Araz and entered Arran. Seljuks strongered in the north of Azerbaijan, combined with military forces Shaddadids, and heavy blows to the combined forces of Byzantine, Armenian and Georgian feudal lords. The southern states of Azerbaijan passed under the control the commander of Hasan. After that, on 18 September 1048 in eastern Anatolia Seljuk – Azerbaijan Turkish troops destroyed the combined forces of Byzantine, Armenian and Georgian feudal lords. Byzantine was forced to made peace with Seljuks. Thus, the first years of the reign of Sultan Togrul all Khorasan and Khorezm (1038-1044), Western Iran (1042-1051) was the rule of the Seljuk Turks. In 1055 - was the subject Iraq, including Baghdad. Abbasid caliphate was dependent on the Seljuk Turks. Abbasid recognized Sultan Togrul as "Lord of the East and the West". Azerbaijani Turks were brothers of Seljuk Turks. They saw Seljuks as their ally against Byzantine and Armenian-Georgian aggression. In 1054 Sultan Togrul’s military forces approached to Tabriz. Ravvadid ruler Vahsudan was obeyed to sultan of Seljuk. Ruler of Shaddads Abulasvar Savur was subject Seljuk too. An agreement (1065) was established between the ruler Shaddad and the sultan of Seljuk. Both King agreed that they would act in concert against the Byzantine emperor and Armenian Georgian feudal lords. In 1066 was resistance to Seljuk Turks in Shirvan no results. Shirvanshakh I Fariburz was subject to the Seljuks. With 88 made dependent on the state of Shirvanshakhs Azerbaijan was joined as a whole the part of the Great Seljuk Empire. In the middle of the eleventh century Seljuk currents Azerbaijan people became the main ethnic and political force in the South Caucasus. The process formation of the Azerbaijan Turkish people ended. Oguz –Turkish tribes became the main ethnic and political force in the South Caucasus and Asia. For the purpose of the occupation of Eastern organized by the European “cross marches” crus- hing blow Crusader armies and did not opportunity a chan- ge in the political map of The Near and Middle East. The streams of Seljuk Turks did nothing aggressive plans of the Byzantine Empire and the Armenian-Georgian feudals. Seljuk’s sultans divided all the land as “igta” between emirs of Seljuk instead in the form of military service. Land was the closest emirs of Sultan as “igta” in Aran, Shirvan, and Derbent. Thus, during the Seljuk Turks streams iqta of has become a major form of land ownership in the Middle East. Iqta strengthened their military and political power in the territory of Seljuk Turks. One of the forms of land ownership that occurred during the Seljuk period was the uj lands (“top lands”). The “top lands” distributed to commanders Selcuk who was protecting surrounded ends of the territory of the empire - the borders of the land. They began to get taxes from the population as named the expense of gun, at the expense of wine, as the price of horseshoe the city craftsmen began to share the art products. Overall, XI-XIII century to the different segments of the population were paying Ushr (Usura), jizya and tribute taxes. 89 At the end of the XI century the Seljuk state began to disrupt - when the invasions break. State officials did not want to submit to the central government. Enslaved the peoples and countries freedom struggle was expanding. In addition, the time of the I Cross Marches (1096-1099) the loss of the most important areas shores of the Mediterranean, Asia, Syria and the Palestinian territories were impact to the decline of the Great Seljuk Empire. During the reign of last Sultan Seljuk Sanjar (1118-1157) emperor actually divided separate independent states. This state ruled by educator successors of Seljuk sultans – Atabaylar (Atabays). One of the most powerful states created after the collapse of the Great Seljuk Empire was Eldanizlar state (1136-1225) ruled by the Atabays. 3.The states of Shirvanshahs and Atabaylar. As this decline of the Great Seljuk Empire State, the Shirvanshakhs strengthened again in the north of Azerbaijan. Shirvanshakh Fariburz I (1063- 1096) subject to the Seljuk sultans, though, there was no ended to the rule of Shirvanshakhs. The end of the Great Seljuk ruler Malikshah's Shirvanshakhs had begun to grow mighty. In this time Fariburz, then his sons Manouchehr II and Afridun I were ruler as independent country. Georgian kings tried to approach Sirvansahs in the fight against the Seljuk Turks. The reason these were Georgian feudal lords with the intention to seize the lands of the western Azerbaijan. Georgian King David IV had entered into an alliance with the ruler of the Byzantine Emperor Alexei Komnina and with the ruler of Kipchak Turks Atrak. They 90 were trying Turkish-Islamic factor to ousting from Caucasus and to divide the land of Azerbaijan among them. In 1117 Demetre attacked to Shirvan. In 1120 IV David raided Shirvan with a strong army. Shirvanshakhs troops were defeated once again. In 1121 Didgori war, Georgians, Kipchak Turks, Ossetians and combined forces salibs of Western Europe were victorious to Seljuk troops. In 1122 the Tbilisi Islamic Emirate were canceled. Tbilisi Passed into the hands of Georgians. To strengthen Georgia affected the position of Shirvanshakhs. During the Shirvanshah Manuchehr III (1120-1160) was a turning point in the relations between Georgia and Shirvan. Manouchehr III turned away from the Seljuk Turks. As a result Shirvanshakhs went the alliance of the Great Seljuk Empire and they refused to annual tribute 40.000 dinars. In response, Sultan Mahmud - ruler of Seljuk attacked to Shirvan in 1123. But Sultan Mahmud could not prevail against the combined forces of Shirvanshah, David IV and Kipchak Turks and soon he left Shirvan. David IV marched repeatedly in the years 1123-1124 to Azerbaijan. He seized Gulustan and Bugurd stronghold and Shamakhi. After death of IV David (1125) they were forced to leave Shirvan. During the rule of Manouchehr III and Demetre I (1125- 1155) did not happen the military conflict between Georgia and Shirvanshakhs. The 30- 60 years of the XII century was a period most powerful the state of Shirvan. In 1160, after the death of Manuchohr III the situation aggravated in Shirvan. His wife Tamar, the youngest son and with a group of nobles tried to join Georgia with 91 Shirvan. However, with the intervention of the state of Eldaniz his plan is broken. With the help of military forces Atabay Shamsaddin Eldeniz III Manuchehr's eldest son Akhsitan I (1160-1196) seized power. During the rule of Akhsitan I further strengthened the State of Shirvanshakhs. Akhsitan I made the mistake of his father, restored friendly relations with Seljuks. He kept friendly relations with the government of Eldenizler and trust him. Akhsitan I also continued friendly relations with Georgia. In 1173 he helped to break the revolution to George III in Georgia. During the Akhsitan I Shirvanshakhs was dependent on the Derbent again. He built towers, walls to strengthen the country's defense. In 1175 Slavs attacked to Shirvanshakhs state. The Kipchaqs captured Derbent and Shabran. Akhsitan I expelled from the country Slavs and Kipchaqs with the help of George III. In 1192 earthquake occurred in Shamakhi. I Akhsitan’s family members had perished. After the earth- quake, the capital of Shirvanshahs was transferred to Baku. In the process of the disintegration of the Great Seljuk Empire, Eldenizler State was established. Earlier the area of Eldanizlar was part of the former Iraqi Seljuk sultanate. Iraqi Seljuk sultanate which occurred during the disin- tegration of Great Seljuk Empire (1118- 1194) covered Iraq, Iran and the south of Kura River territories of Azerbaijan, including part of the South Caucasus. The establishment of the state of Eldanizlar connected with the name of the founder of the dynasty Eldaniz - Atabay Shamsaddin Eldaniz. Shamseddin Eldaniz began service at Seljuk palace he was skillful equestrian, archery. Eldaniz soon gained a reputation as an outstanding statesman. Sultan Togrul II (1132- 1134) gave him the title of "emir", has appointed him 92 Atabay for his son Arslan sah. Shamsaddin Eldaniz’s reputation increased. In 1136 he was appointed a ruler of Arran and sent to Barda. However, the independent Azerbaijan state Eldenizler and the state manages Eldaniz dynasty was founded. Formerly capital was the city of Nakhchivan in Eldanizlar state. Acting as an independent ruler Shamsaddin Eldaniz (1136- 1175) in 1160 took the title "Great Atabay" and succeeded to declared sultan was the stepson Arslan Shah (1161- 1176). Then Shamsuddin Eldaniz began to direct all Iraqi Seljuk Sultanate. In 1161 Shamsuddin Eldaniz defeated Georgians - when Georgian troops the flow the Dabil. Eldanizlar territory stretched from Derbent to the shores of the Persian Gulf. Capital of Eldanizlar had Nakhchivan, Hamadan, Tabriz and Ganja cities. Eldaniz state was even stronger during the Shamsaddin Eldeniz son Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan (1175-1186). After coming to power Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan the capital transferred to Hamadan from Nakhichevan (1175), took away Tabriz from Agsunguries, broke large Seljuk emirs who the resistance of independence and strengthened the central government. Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan defeated repeatedly Georgian feudal lords, attempting to occupy the lands of the West. After the Muhammad Jahan Pahlavan power Gold Arslan (1186- 1191) was won in 1190 Hamadan collision and captured the sultan Togrul III with his son Malikhsah. In 1191 Gold Arslan has declared himself sultan with the consent of the Caliph an-Nasser. The large feudal force which dissatisfied the central government and 93 his wife Inanj Khatun deliberate abuse killed him (1191). The authority were seized Abu Bakr (1191- 1210) in Azerbaijan. The combined forces of Georgia and Shirvanshakhs defeated Abu Bakr the struggles of Shamkir and Beylagan (1194). In 1203 Georgian troops were robbed the city Dabil. In 1210- 1211 Georgian troops attacked the more devastating to Azerbaijan. During reign of Ozbek (1210- 1225) the fall of Eldanizlar further accelerated. 4.The socio-economic and cultural development of the IX-XII centuries. In IX- XI centuries feudal relations were developing in Azerbaijan. The main producers were the peasants. Azerbaijani peasants mainly divided into two parts – uluc and azad (free) peasants. Uluc were dependent peasants. As a result of heavy tax policy, at risk of losing their land, some of the villagers were forced to take shelter in the Arab feudal lord trick. As a result, lands of peasants passed into the hands of the Arab feudal lords and called ilca (or hami) land. Uluc were living in plain areas. Private ownership of land was available. There were several types of feudal land ownership. The most widely distributed mulk (or property) was in the land. This land was owned by separate feudal lords like legacy spent to the generation. Property owners would donate and sell the land. Mulk owner (malik) or the landlord did land tax to the state. There were Jamaat (community) lands too. These lands consist of grasslands, pastures, forests, swamps and so on. Jamaat (crowd) lands - 94 was a state-owned lands. Totally and people who used the land for it was a tribute to the state land tax. The lands owned rulers (caliphs, sultans and others.) called khalisa. The state-owned, the land revenue directly to the treasury called divan or divani land. The conditional land - iqta was given to service the state. Iqta owners not engaged in agriculture, they were leased out of their iqta. The vagf lands were given to separate clergy, religious charitable institutions, mosques, madrasas and others. The villagers paid taxes to the owner of vagf who living in vagf lands. In return for use of land tax from peasants called the ushr or ushur, later tribute. The lease paper called Cabala for collect tribute to the separate people. The tribute collecting tax officials called mutaqabbil or amil factor, financial inspectors called mutasarrif. The Muslim population distributing money dedicated to his own property, its called obligatory charity or charity. Jizya (life) tax was taken from non-Muslim population. During the Arab domination, the big feudal lords had taken over large land estates and privileges, in fact, they became independent rulers. After paying an annual tribute by the central government, these feudals were rule solely on their own land. In the X century Salari ruler Marzban ibn Muhammad composed special Kanunname (Law Codex) to follow the feudal lords who not subject to the central government, in order to establish rules of the law tax system, to put an end to the tyranny of the local rulers. Political independence was positive impact to economic progress, as well as craft and trade development, the formation of cities. 95 Azerbaijan was rich in minerals. There were gold, silver, copper and other precious metals in the North of country and the mountains of Arran. Iron and copper ores were extracted in Ganja, Gadabay, around Savalan. Rock salt was extracted in Tabriz and Nakhchivan, fine salt extracted in Baku, Urmia. In the mountains had surrounding Bazz fortress red quartz (silisium oxide) deposits. The quartz was exported to Yemen and Iraq. At that time, an important textile center in the Iraqi city of Wasit prepared wool fabrics with the Bazz quartz. From Barda were exported "red" (red of the red dye from insects) to Indian country. It transported across the Caspian Sea to Jurjan, and then sent by road to Indian country. After the fall of the Caliphate and the revival of urban life, craft and trade development, progress in various areas of agriculture paved the way for all the social, political and cultural revival in IX century - the beginning of the XI century. Craftsmen were the first inhabitants of the cities. Al-Istakhri notes that “Barda is the great city” written in the "Book of the trails Townships" in 930- 933. Mugaddasi also provides extensive information on Berde. This city was considered the "climate Baghdad" in Azerbaijan. Derbent was the biggest port city of on the Caspian Sea. Derbent was also the famous handicraft center of Azerbaijan. The best pieces of linen were gloves by artists of Derbent in the South Caucasus. Derbent shopping was popular in the Near and Middle East. The slave trade was heated on this shopping. The sewer system was created in the X century in Derbent. IX- X centuries, it was the growing economic importance of Baku. The rich oil 96 “springs” in Absheron made famous the Baku in the neighboring countries. Arab traveler al-Masudi called Baku to the "oil in the soil of Shirvan country". Arab traveler al- Masudi wrote that the volcano near Baku erupted like a volcano in Al Burkan (Etna) mountain of Sicilian country. Siniggala minaret located in Baku the monument of IX- XI century. One of the largest cities of Arran was Tbilisi later Barda and Derbent. Tbilisi was popular with baths of the "wa- ter cure fireless heated" Ibn Havqal said that it was the Muslim population of Tbilisi. Tabriz has developed more rapidly after the capital of Azerbaijan Ravvadids. In the X century Al – Mugaddasi wrote that the city of Tabriz superior over Baghdad, looks like "pure gold", "the beauty is not limits ". The development Islam in Azerbaijan affected the formation of architecture. Central dome of the mosque was an architecturally noteworthy work, which built in the village Sundu of Shamakhi in 920. In IX-X century one of the archi- tectural monuments more distinguished was Alinje fortress in Nakhchivan. Oglangala was built in the IX- XI century in Lerik. One of the landmarks in the IX century was monastery Amaras, which built on the banks of the river Agoglan. One of the most magnificent monuments of architecture of the Renais- sance was Khudaferin bridge built over the Araz River by ruler Shaddadids Fazl ibn Muhammad (985-1030) in 1027. As a result of the collapse of the Arab Caliphate, the political revival in Azerbaijan has created favorable conditions for development of restoration of ancient traditions and culture. Formed in the VII - IX centuries "Kitabi- Dede Korkut" “Ganli Goja oglu Ganturaly” ("Bloody old son Ganturaly") epos talking about to Oguz- 97 Trabzon relationships, Ganturaly, who descended origin Agqoyunlu married Trabzon emperor's daughter (Selcan Khatun story). Origin, "Khan dynasty" Bayandir khan Aggoyunlu state created an independent oguz state the capital of Diyarbakir. The dynasty, who ruled this country called Bayandurs, for the name of the Bayandur Khan. Location of empty land, homeless homeland was the most horrible sight in their idea. The worst case for them was the “voice of wolf of abandoned places”. Patriotic love forgot of resentment between them in the day of trouble. The part of epos “Bakil oglu Imran” ("Bekil son Imran") reflects the combination of Oguz turks against the enemy. As we have seen "Kitabi-Dede Korkut", Oguzes had gold coins - gold akhca. Trade relations were Damascus, the Greek (Byzantine), Constantinopol. In Oguzes mother was sacred. Parent fees were equal to God. This was reflected in the “Salur khanin evinin yaghmalanmasi” ("Spoliation of Salur house"). After the fall of the Arab Caliphate, the absence of a single state of Azerbaijan, unified currency, size, weight system were an obstacle to the rapid for development of the productive forces there. In the middle of the XI century, the territory of Azerbaijan included to the Seljuk Empi- re. However, trade relations revived with the countries of the Near and Middle East. The single monetary system had a positive impact in Azerbaijan, also on the expansion of trade with foreign countries. In the XII century the creation of powerful and widely territories Eldanizlar Azerbaijan, as well as the strength- hening of Shirvanshakhs accelerated development of the productive forces in Azerbaijan. Agriculture, crafts and 98 trade progressed. Arab traveler al-Hamavi wrote his work "dictionary about the countries": "Azerbaijan is a very large country and a great state." The reign of Eldanizlar one of the largest cities in Azerbaijan was Ganja. At that time, about 500 thousand people lived in Ganja. At that time, countries around the world - both in the East and the West was quite a bit of the great city as Ganja. One reason for the rapid growth of the city it is was the most important military strategic places located near the border with the Christian all the Islamic world. Ganja was a great importance in order to repel the attacks of Armenian and Georgian feudal lords. Ganja was the capital of Shaddadids, Selcuk and Eldanizlar states after the collapse of Barda transformation the main city of Arran had a positive impact on the development of Ganja. Ganja was significant arms production center in the South Caucasus, as well as was one of the largest silk center in Azerbaijan. It was also an important pottery center in Ganja. In the capital city the building of palaces, forming, and in the construction of public buildings also gave impetus to the development of architecture. The main mass of the population were craftsmen and merchants. However, Ganja collapsed in the earthquake in 1139, September 30. During the earthquake, about 230- 300 thousand people were died of the population of Ganja. In this case the Georgian king Demetre raided the wealth of Ganja and killed the population. The Selcuk successor Gara Sungur received the information of robbery in Ganja and came to Ganja inflicted a heavy defeat the enemy. The enemy is expelled from Azerbaijan. However, when the Georgians were going the gates of the fortress took with them. 99 During the rule of the Seljuk and Eldanizlar one of the great craft and commercial center was Nakhchivan. Nakhchivan was one of the capitals of Eldanizlar during the Atabay Shamsaddin Eldeniz. That period coincides with the city's progress. Many palaces, mosques and Atabays residence were built in the city. Alinja tower and other mag- nificent castles increased security of Nakhchivan. Eldanizlar mints were in Beylagan and Iran. During the reign of Eldanizlar was also grew the city of Tabriz. Located at the crossroads of caravan routes of Tabriz, was the capital of the state. The city was surrounded by solid walls. Derbent to the shores of the Persian Gulf and international caravan routes to Eastern Europe passed from Tabriz. From Derbent to Ganja, and into Barda, as well as to the southern districts caravan rou- tes passed from Shamakhi. The raw silk of Azerbaijan ex- ported from Shamakhi to France, as well as to towns in northern Italy. Shamakhi was craft and trade center which located on the caravan route coasts of Volga (Idil ) river lin- ked to the size of the in Eastern Europe, the Persian Gulf. In the XI century - the beginning of the XIII century, the second most important port city was Baku after Derbent. In Baku oil exports enhanced to neighboring countries and to Azerbaijani cities, too. In the middle of the IX century, has been the development of Azerbaijani culture. As a result of the collapse of the Arab Caliphate, the revival of the traditions of the ancient state, the formation of Shirvanshah, Saji, Salari, Ravvadi, Shaddadids and Eldenizler states gained political independence contributed to awakening the material and spiritual culture. Ethnik political unity was 100 strong, accelerated the formation of a common language and culture. As a result of the collapse of the Caliphate gave an important impetus to the development of science in Azerbaijan started in the political revival. The most important achievement of the Renaissance with the transformation of the Turkish language was common throughout the country. Turkish tribes played an important role creation of a single nation. Because, the turkish tribes were the main part of people. The process of formation of Azerbaijani Turks finally ended up as a single nation. Azerbaijani Turkish language was the only means of communication into the territory of Azerbaijan. It was one of the greatest achievements in the history of the Renaissance. One of the most important centers of cultural awakening in the Muslim renaissance was Azerbaijan. The works of great Azerbaijan philosopher Bahmanyar Ibn Marzban who was a student of Ibn Sina have been translated into the east and west languages. One of the brightest figures of the period has been Khatib Tabrizi. He has taught in Baghdad's famous Nizamiyya madrasah more than 40 years. The XII century famous astronomer Fazil Fariddin Shirvani had devoted all his life to the study of celestial bodies. One of the prominent phisolosph -poets of the XII century was Eynelquzzat Miyanachi. Nizami Ganjavi (1141-1209) The highest peak in the Renaissance literature established itself with creativity Nizami. Nizami's immortal "Khamsa" - “Sirlar khazinasi” ("Treasure of secrets"), "Khosrov and Shirin", "Leyli and Mejnun", "Yeddi gezal" (“Seven Beatues”), "Iskendername" has brought him international fame. The Renaissance architecture the most prominent representative was Ajami Abubakr who lived in the XII century. He erected Yusif ibn 101 Kuseyr tomb (1162), Momina Khatun (1186), Qoshaminara (1187), Juma Mosque, Darulmulk (palace of Eldenizlar) and other rare architectural monuments in the Azerbaijan Eldeniz’s capital Nakchivan. Ajami moved name "the sheikh of engineers" still alive. Built in the XII century Maiden Tower (Baku), Gulustan tower (near Shamakhi), Bughurd Tower (Agsu river), Mardakan tower are rare pearls of world architecture. The defence purposely historical architectural monument Maiden Tower in Baku was built by architect Massoud the son of Davud in the XII century. The height of tower is 28 meters. VII Theme: Mongol occupation in Azerbaijan 1. I-II-III Mongol attacks on Azerbaijan 2. Azerbaijan under the rule of Hulagu empire 3. Reforms of Ghazan Khan 4. Socio-economical and cultural progress of Azerbaijan in the XIII-XIV centuries 1.I-II-III Mongol attacks on Azerbaijan. Genghis khan (1206-1217) founded Mongol feudal empire and started to conquer vicinity regions. On the Mongol attacks eve there was no unique state in Azerbaijan and feudal conflicts was ruling. Atabey Eldanizids state and Shirvanshahs state existed in Azerbaijan. Aghsunguri dynasty from Ravvadis generation was ruling in Maragha. At the end of the XII century Eldanizids state lost their former power. Ozbek khan (1210-1225) the last delegate of Atabeys couldn’t be able to rule the state. The first attack of Mongols to Azerbaijan was in 1220. These attacks were in prospecting character. Mongol 102 warlords Jebe and Subotai was leading to the attack. After conquering Zanjan, Ardabil, Sarab they reached Tabriz. As city surrounded by strong fortress walls, mongols decided to conduct negotiations. After getting great tribute, mongols set out to Mughan. Then made an assault to Georgia and defeated georgian monarch. At the beginning of 1221 Jebe and Subotai’s groups came back to Azerbaijan from Georgia and moved to Tabriz. Ruler of Tabriz Shamsaddin Tughrai could be able to save city by giving tax. Suddenly mongols made a march from Tabriz to Maragha. Maragha was occupied by using wall destroying maschines. After Maragha mongols occupied Ardabil. After Ardabil mongols attacked to Tabriz third time and got big tax. They occupied Sarab and plundered Beylagan and move forward to Ganja. People of Ganja got ready for defense of city in advance. Being aware of it, mongol warlords were sufficient by getting tax from city and went to Georgia. Coming back from Georgia mongol troops invaded Shirvan. Shirvanshah Gushtasp (1203-1225) withdrew one of the castles. Shamakhi people had firm resistance against enemy. Mongols could be able to occupy the city. As arabic historian Ibn Al Asir said, “ people in the city was eradicated”. In 1222 mongols departed to the north from Shamakhi. Jebe and Subotai used cunning and crossed from Darband to the north. Therefore, mongol troops left Azerbaijan area. In 1223 they won russian-kipchak troops on the bank of the Kalka river, but defeated in the battle with Bulgarians and went back to Mongolia. 103 Between mongols I (1220-1222) and II (1231-1239) attacks Azerbaijan was exposed to assault of Jalaladdin (the son of Kharezmshah Muhammad). Jalaladdin collapsed Eldanizids state in 1225, Aghsunguri state in 1227. Shirvanshahs accepted Jalaladdin’s domination in terms of paying 100 thousand dinars as tax per year (Fariburz III: - 1225-1243). Managing of Azerbaijan was given Jalaladdin’s vizier Sharaf-al-Mulk. Ganja became Jalaladdin’s residence. Primarily in Tabriz, then in Ganja uprising raised against Jalaladdin’s severe tax policy. In 1231 uprising in Ganja was the peak of people movement. Nasavi writes, with the leadership of master Bandar, a part of city population took an active participation in uprising. Liberty movement extended in Khoi, Marand and Nakhchevan, too. In 1231 mongol troops attacked to Azerbaijan second time. Troop chief Jormoghon was leading them. Population of Maragha resisted enemy strictly. Mongols occupied the city with difficulty and made people pay big tax. Then city Tabriz was surrounded. Tabriz paid the tribute again and saved. As the result of negotiations the most popular craftsmen of Tabriz were sent to Gharaghorum (Gharaghorum - the first capital of Mongol state). People of Ganja resisted the enemy. In 1235 Ganja was invavded. In 1235 mongols came across with people’s resistance in Shamkir. Shamkir was invaded and burnt, inhabitants were killed. The enemy attacked the other cities as well. Tovuz and Baku was captured. In 1239 with the occupation of Darband, Azerbaijan entirely invaded by mongols. 104 The aim of the second attack of mongols was gaining strength in Azerbaijan and its vicinity. They didn’t return to Mongolia and settled in the captured areas. Azerbaijan and South Caucasus area were leading by vicegerents of Great Mongolian Empire. Arghun agha was defined as vicegerent. Most of local feudals were deprived of their manors. Some feudals became dependent on mongols. Yarlig - license was given to the local feudals for conducing their manors. Mongol vicegerency policy in Azerbaijan caused resentment of the most local feudals and people. In the middle of the XIII century peoplemovement and rebellions raised up against mongol policy. The third attack of mongols to Azerbaijan commenced in 1256. The attack was leading by Hulagu Khan. 2.Azerbaijan under the rule of Hulagu empire Hulagu khan (1256-1265) made Azerbaijan obedient in 1256. In february 1258 Hulagu invaded Baghdad and Abbasid Caliphate collapsed. Fifth mongol ulus (district) - Hulagu state was established in the new occupied areas. Hulagu state existed in Azerbaijan untill 1357 (a century- long). After establishing the state, Hulagu khan divided managing of provinces among princess. Prince Yushmut was chosen ruler of Arran. Soon Hulagu khan could be able to establish central and economically powerful state. Golden Horde khans claimed that, according to Genghis khan’s testament Azerbaijan areas fall into Batu khan’s share. Hulagu khan’s state in Azerbaijan deprived them from income. The first clash between Golden Horde khans and Hulagu state happened in supremacy of Hulagu khan. Golden Horde khan Berke bring 30 thousand troops to 105 Shirvan, with the leadership of warlord Nogai in 1263. Darband was occupied. But in 1265 Ilkhanids could be able to banish Golden Horde troops from the state. At the same year Hulagu admitted the title Ilkhan (1265). Attacks of Golden Horde khans in 1288 and 1290 were unsuccessful. In order to reinforcing contacts with local feudals, Ghazan khan (1295-1304) converted to islam and changed his name to Mahmud. This event made migrant feudals struggle against him. By the leadership of Arslanoghlu assassination was organized on Ghazan khan. But it was exposed and members were executed. During 1297-1298 years Ghazan khan could be able to suppress Tayghuoghlu rebellion in the north of Azerbaijan and strengthen central state. After Ghazan khan’s death his brother Oljeitu kept up his policy and central government was reinforced. Feudal conflicts decreased in the state. His son 12 years old Abu Said (1316-1335) couldn’t participate in state manage- ment. Managing state affairs was given to amir Choban from Suldus clan. In 1318 chaos occurred in Khorasan. In the same year Golden Horde forces attacked to Hulagu sta- te. Choban played important role on winning Golden Horde. Revolt starting in Georgia in 1319, proceed in Azer- baijan as well. Abu Said defeated rioters’ forces near Sultaniy- ya. He was awarded the title of Baghatur for his courage. In 1319-1325 years with the leadership of Amir Choban, there was attacks to Golden Horde state which became successful. Abu Said was very worried about superior positions of Choban and his sons on ruling state. Choban obtained the ruling of Ilkhanate state. For that reason, Abu Said executed Amir Choban in 1328. Sultaniyya riot was suppressed with difficulty in 1334. In 106 1335 Golden Horde khan Ozbek attacked to Hulagu state. In 1335 Abu Said was poisoned by his wife and decline of Ilkhanates commenced. Taking advantage of weakness of Hulagu state, Chobanids became the most powerful feudal group struggling for dominion. In 1338 Choban’s grandson Shaikh Hasan Chobani ( Kichik Hasan – Hasan the Little) won his main rival Shaikh Hasan Jalayir ( Boyukh Hasan – Hasan the Elder). First he enthroned Abu Said’s sister Satibei khatun, then Suleyman khan. From 1338 new emperorship of Chobanids com- menced. In 1344 Hasan Chobani was killed and his brother Malik Ashraf replaced him. People was displeased of Malik Ashraf. In 1344 uprising raised up against him and suppressed hardly. Golden Horde khan Janibek captured Tabriz and executed Malik Ashraf in 1357. Hulagu state (1256-1357) was collapsed. Janibeg enthroned his son Berdibek and came back to Golden Horde. Soon Berdibeg was aware of father’s death and left Tabriz. At that time Jalayir king Shaikh Uvais (1354-1374) attacked Tabriz two times (1358-1359) and captured it. Thereby, in 1359 Azerbaijan was included to the content of Jalayir state (Jalayir state was established by Boyukh Hasan in Baghdad in 1340). Tabriz was the capital. Azerbaijan was under the rule of Jalayir during 1359-1410 years. Shaikh Uvais also invaded Shirvan in 1367. During Shaikh Uvais dominion, central management system became stronger, economy flourished. Sultan Husein (1374-1382) and Sultan Ahmad (1382-1410) became king after Shaikh Uvais. 3.Reforms of Ghazan Khan 107 For saving economical and political crisis of Hulagu state Ghazan khan materialized reforms. These reforms are aimed put in order the exploitation of population, provide revenues regularly to the state treasury, put an end to arbitrariness of Mongol aristocrats and give the Mongol ordinaries the land. Vizier, historian scientist, physician Fazlullah Rashideddin had an important role in the organization and implementation of Ghazan khan’s reforms. Ghazan khan decided make the reforms in land, tax, court, communication and trade section. Land reform directed to provide Mongols’ middle layer and the interests of local chiefs serving Ilkhanates (Ilkhanies). The basis of reforms arranged to give a piece of land to Mongol soldiers. The lands called iqta were given by unused lands named inju, divan, also bayrat. 1303, Ghazan khan’s order about peasants’ moving one place to another was forbidden. Iqtas could not be sold, donated, given dowry or otherwise trans- ferred to another. Derelict lands were given the submission of courts. These lands distributed new owners. New owners can sold, donate and rent their land. The tax reform of Ghazan khan accurately put tax species, tax capacity, collection method, time and etc. in order. The list of taxpayers are prepared. Gathering illegal taxes were forbidden. Tax gathering was assigned to central divan (central governing body). Tax gathering was granted on lease. Tax reform was carried out with struggle. Ghazan khan materialized reformation in court sphere in order to prevent illegality, tyranny, negligence in court, bribery in the state. The main issue was defining worthy clergy for qazi post and generating regulation in sale. 30 years 108 overdue claim papers lost their legal strength. Compensations for judgement were specified. Authorities of city, district, rural qa- zis were identified. Iltizam was applied to people, about being fair and legal who are defined to qazi post. But court refor- m of Ghazan Khan couldn’ be able to carry out properly. Ghazan khan’s communication reform caused formation of common communication system in the state. About 3 farsakh (approximately 20 km) communication terminals - yams were established in the main ways. Amirs were defined to yams and several servants, horses, draughts were given to their order. Getting resources from people definitely prohibited to yam workers. Caravanserais were built on roads. Reform in communication section carried out two years. In order to make improvement in trade, Ghazan khan generated common currency, stabilized weight and measure units, took measures for imposing tax in trade roads and bazaars and protecting trade centers. As a result of Ghazan khan’s reforms, there was growth in economy, central state gained strength and unavoidable collapse of Hulagu state postponed for a while. During Jalayirs period, there was growth in Azerbaijan economy and agricultury, as well. Reforms of Shaik Uvais played essential role in this process. There was renovation processes in the state, irrigation system formed, agriculture and cattle-breeding improved. But at the end of the XIV century internal wars, Toktamysh and Timur’s attacks caused destruction of cities, districts and decline of agriculuture. Nakhchevan, Marand, Ahar and especially Tabriz were plundered by forces of Tokhtamysh. Internal wars had a negative impact on agriculture of the city, 109 handicraft, improvement of trade and the living conditions of people. 4. Socio-economical and cultural progress of Azerbaijan in the XIII-XIV centuries Mongol-turk tribes coming to Azerbaijan primary had a negative impact on improvement of agriculture. Feudal sparseness increased in the state. Cultural memorials, trade roads were destroyed. Arable lands (cultivated lands) turned to pastures. The south Caucasian territory were divided among 110 mongol noyons in the conference in Mughan. Molar noyon became the ruler of Shamkir. Mongol attacks influenced badly to the city life and mastership. The enemy destroyed cities and towers, killed people and survived people turned to slave. As a rule, craftsmen were sent to Gharaghorum. Slavery of craftsmen was preventing improvement of mastership. In the middle of the XIII century establishment of Hulagu state and reinforcement of central dominion caused increasing of agricultury. In the period of Hulagu and Abaga khan land and tax policy was determined and central ruling system was formed. All men from 10 to 60 ages enrolled in Azerbaijan in 1254. Depriving local feudals from land ow- nership and adopting all income was the basis of economic policy of Ilkhanates. This policy proceeded until Ghazan khan’s ruling. Most of local feudals were deprived from land property. Invaded lands converted to inju ( belonging to king and khan dynasty) and divan ( state) lands. Beside pre- vious taxes, mongols’ new taxes (gopchur, tamgha, kalan and etc.) were gathering. Gopchur- was paid by migrating stock- 110 breeders and was pasture expense. Tamgha- was paid by mas- ters and merchants. Most times gathering of taxes was gran- ted on lease. Citizens should attent to biyar (unpaid work). At the end of the XIII century there was economical and political crisis in Ilkhanate state. In order to prevent discharge of depository, Kheykhatu khan materialized reform of money; paper moneys named chao was turnoevered. But this measure remained unproductive. After two month chao was took off turnover. At the XIII-XIV centuries maktab (school) and mad- rasa (religious school) was the stem of education system in Azerbaijan. Maktab gave primary education, madrasa- secondary education. Madrasa of Rab’I Rashidi was founded by Fazlullah Rashidaddin in Tabriz. The madrasa located in Rab’I Rashidi district and was the first educatio- nal centerafter Baghdad’s Nizamiyya madrasa established in the East. In XIII-XIV centuries there was progress in all spheres of science in Azerbaijan. Observatory in Maragha which built by the leadership of Nasiraddin Tusi in 1259 and observatory which built in Sham-Ghazan (Tabriz) at the beginning of the XIV century was prominent in the East. The founder of Maragha observatory, notable state figure Nasiraddin Tusi (1201-1274) had invaluable role on the operating of observatory. “Zij-i ilkhani” (Ilkhanic Tables), “Akhlaq-i Nasiri” (A work on ethics) are the major works of Nasiraddin Tusi. His work “Tahrir-i Euclid” ( Commentary of Euclid) influenced improvement of geo- metry. There was superior progress in exact sciences in the XIII-XIV centuries. Azerbaijan scientist Muhammad Nakhchevani informed about existing of Dar al-Shifa (the 111 house of health). The prime vizier of Hulagu state, well- known medic and hictorian Fazlullah Rashidaddin’s work Jami al-tawarikh (Compendium of Chronicles) was very popular. Kirakos of Gandzak wrote about events happened in the Caucasus Albania areas in the XIII century. Nizammadin Shami gave detailed descriptions of Timur’s attacks on Azerbaijan. There appeared works of Zakariyya Qazvini, Hamdullah Qazvini, Azerbaijan scholar Abdurrashid Bakuvi on geography. Azerbaijan scholars Hindushah Nakhchevani and his son Muhammad Nakhchevani became prominent in linguistics. Expression of “Azerbaijan language” made use in that period. Philosophy, law and other sciencies also improved in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan philosopher Mahmoud Shabestari (1287-1320) is the author of “Gulshan-i Raz” (The Secret Rose Garden) , “Sa'adat-nama” (The Book of Felicity). During mongols second invasion, fully destructed Ganja had restoration process in 1239. At the end of the XIII and at the beginning of the XIV century Sultaniyya city was built and Mahmoudabad city was established (by Ghazan khan ) near the Caspian sea. Historical monuments, four Absheron towers – circular and square towers in Mardakan, Nardaran and Ramana towers were built in XIII-XIV centuries. Gulustan mausoleum in the Nakhchevan Jugha village, Karabakhs mausoleum (a complex of Bashtagh ) in Karabakhs village, Oljaytu Khudabanda mausoleum (1305-1313) in Sultaniyya, Barda mausoleum (1322) were built. Master of Tabriz Yusif ibn Ahmad made figurative bowl in 1319. The bowl kept in Victoria and Albert 112 museum of London. Tiyan (preparing meal for army) made by Abdul Aziz Sharafaddin oglu in 1399 in Tabriz still kept in the State Hermitage of Saint-Petersburg. Safiaddin Urmavi was the music expert (musicologist) of XIII century and Abdulqadir al- Maraghai was the music expert of XIV- XV centuries. |