Part I. Theoretical basis of using different approaches for developing socio-cultural competence of the 8-grade learners

What are the Principles of Teaching? 
Principles of teaching are the rules, practical and comprehensive learning laws, that 
decide the course of action. Some of these principles are as follows: 
The Psychological Principles of Consistency 
The Principle of Consistency states that all students should be treated the same way 
in terms of expectations, classrooms, and teachers. Classrooms need to be the same 
from one day to another, but also from one class period to another. Consistency is 
important for students because they will have a greater sense of security if they know 
what to expect in every class period. 
The Psychological Principle of Deferred Gratification 
The Principle states that when students are asked to do something or learn something 
now, they must be given an explanation as to why this is important and why it will 
benefit them in the long run. 
The Psychological Principles of Individualization 
The Principle of individualization states that students can be grouped according to 
their characteristics, like their language proficiency or intelligence, but the 
classroom environment and teaching methods must be tailored to each group, or it 
could be counter-productive. This Principle is also known as differentiation. 
The 
Psychological Principle of Mental Imagery 
This Principle is based on research by Paivio, who found that some students 
have a more active verbal system and others have a more active visual system, 
meaning they are better at using words or pictures to learn new material. This is 

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relevant because if the information is taught in the most appropriate way for each 
student, much better learning outcomes will follow.
The Psychological Principles of Organization 
The Principle of organization states that teachers should proceed from the simple to 
the complex and include review for conceptual understanding. Teachers can use 
visual support to help students organize material and improve their learning process. 
The Psychological Principles of Feedback and Reinforcement 
This Principle of Teaching states that feedback must be clear, consistent, 
encouraging, and timed correctly. Students need immediate feedback so they know 
whether they are doing well or not, but also so they can continue at a steady pace 
and learn new things along the way. Feedback must also be positive and encouraging 
to have a positive effect on learning outcomes. Teachers must also be consistent in 
timing their feedback and reinforcement learning. 
The Psychological Principle of Mental Contrast 
The Psychological Principle of Teaching mental contrast states that the teacher’s 
questions should be based on what students already know and understand, so they 
can help them see how they have progressed or where they still have to progress. 
The teacher’s questions should also avoid confusing students by using different 
words or contradicting information already accepted by students.
The Psychological Principles of Multiple Teaching Methods 
This Principle states that all students can benefit from the use of 
different teaching methods, including those by direct instruction, demonstration, 

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and communication within groups. Teachers should be able to adapt the correct 
teaching method for each student in order to improve learning outcomes. For 
example, if a student is unable to understand spoken language due to a language 
handicap, it is better to use pictures and symbols. 
The Psychological Principles of Comprehension 
The Principle states that teachers should teach comprehensible input. This 
means that teachers are required to reduce the level of input, i.e., the teacher must 
simplify the language and keep it interesting for students. 
The Psychological Principle of Child-Centered Education 
Child-centered education can be applied when learning a second language 
because it focuses on the needs, interests, and motivations of the students so that 
they become fully involved in the lesson. This strategy can also reduce 
anxiety related to learning new skills or being corrected on them by the teacher. 
The Psychological Principles of Presentation 
This Psychological Principle of Teaching states that teachers should try to 
show students how something is done instead of just telling them what to do. It’s 
harder for students to understand instructions when they are only given in writing, 
so teachers should be more visual when instructing their students. 
The Psychological Principles of Self-Directed Learning 
This Principle of Teaching means that teachers should encourage students to 
take control of the learning process by keeping pace with what they are doing and 
by monitoring their progress so they can continue at a steady rate. 

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The Psychological Principle of Growth Mindset