Microsoft Word master thesis report fina doc

Destination 
Sour purge 
Quantity 
Estimated in process book 
Composition 
H
2
, VOC, H
2
S
 
4.6.2. Intermittent operations 
Reduction / reactivation gas 
Media 
Gas 
Origin 
Reactor 
Destination 
Flare 
Quantity 
Flowrate in operating instruction 
Composition 
Presence of HC and H
2
O 
Regeneration 
Media 
Gas 
Origin 
Reactor 
Destination 
Atmosphere, decoking drum 
Quantity 
Flowrate in operating instruction 
Composition 
CO
2
, CO, VOCs, coke, green oils 

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55
4.7. Emissions reduction proposals 
Air emissions from hydrogenation processes in normal operations arise from fugitive 
emissions, process vents and process heaters for GHU.
In order to reduce fugitive emissions, a leak detection and repair program can be established 
(see part A of this report). 
Catalyst regeneration is also responsible for air emissions. In order to minimize emissions, 
appropriate gas treatment systems must be used (such as scrubbers). This measure removes 
pollutants (green oils) from air to water which still need to be cleaned. Generally it is better to 
perform ex-situ regeneration in specific factories which have better techniques for catalyst 
regeneration and effluents treatment. Moreover, coke formation should be minimized by 
operating conditions control. 
Conclusion 
This study constitutes a first approach for the development of a complete and precise 
environmental study of Axens commercialized processes.
Part A of the report emphasizes on common emissions occurring in all refining processes. It 
allows a general point of view on several issues and gives some solutions to these issues. 
Fugitive emissions, flue combustion gases, blowdown systems and wastewater emissions are 
dealt with. Methods to qualify and quantify effluents are explains and environmental technical 
solutions are cited and shortly described. Part B of the report is more process oriented, and 
lightens problems concerning particular effluents. Several important processes are analysed. 
The methodology used to study each process can besides be widespread to analyse other 
processes. 
This study is obviously non exhaustive and many points need to be completed and improved, 
however it can be used as the starting point to more focused environmental review for Axens 
processes. 

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56
References 
1. 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant 
Emission Factors. United States, 1995. 
2. 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission 
Estimates. (EPA-453/R-95-017). United States, 1995. 
3. 
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ). Emissions Factors for 
Equipment Leak Fugitive Components. (RG-360A). United States, 2008. 
4. 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Leak Detection and Repair Compliance 
Assistance Guidance Best Practices Guide. United States, 2007. 
5. 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Alternative Control Techniques 
Document: NOx Emissions from Process Heaters. United States, 1994. 
6. 
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Alternative Control Techniques 
Document - NOx Emissions from Industrial/Commercial/Institutional (ICI) Boilers. 
(EPA-453/R-94-022). United States, 1994. 
7. 
California Air Resources Board. Determination of Reasonably Available Control