the blood flow in peripheral arteries and veins may be measured to assess vascular diseases.
There are usually two kinds of measuring methods: one method is direct measurement, sensor
is inserted into the blood pipe to sense transient blood flow; another one is indirect measure‐
ment, sensor is placed outside vein and senses blood flow by the parameter related to the blood
flow. Here, an electromagnetic flow sensor as an example is introduced to demonstrate the
measurement of blood flow.
Figure 8. Sensing principle of electromagnetic flow sensor (a) Relation diagram between electrode and magnetic field
intensity; (b)
Three dimension diagram
Blood flow through an exposed vessel could be measured by means of electromagnetic flow
sensor. Electromagnetic flow sensor can be used in biomedicine and science research studies
to measure blood flow in major blood vessels near the heart. Such sensor requires that the
tested vein must be peeled off and placed into the magnetic gap of sensor. According to the
output voltage of sensor, the mean velocity of vein can be calculated and known. And then in
terms of the section area tested of vein, the blood flow could be gained finally. According to
above idea, the sensing principle of electromagnetic flow sensor is illustrated in figure 7.
Magnetic field intensity
B
is exerted along the direction vertical to vein, two electrodes are
installed
at both sides of vein, and then potential between two electrodes could be tested:
V =2
aBv
a
Here,
B
is the magnetic induction intensity at the magnetic gap;
a
is
the radius of tested vein;
υ
a
is the mean velocity of vein during given test time;
V
is the output potential between two
electrodes EE’.
Practically, this device consists of a clip-on probe that fits snugly around the blood vessel, as
illustrated in figure 8. The probe contains electrical coils to produce an electromagnetic field
that is transverse to the direction of blood flow. This coil is usually excited by an AC current.
Advances
in Bioengineering
190
A pair of very small biopotential electrodes is attached to the housing and rest against the wall
of blood vessel to pick up the induced potential. The flow-induced voltage is an AC voltage
at the same frequency as the excitation voltage. Utilizing AC method instead of DC excitation
could help to remove any offset potential error due to the contact between the vessel wall and
the biopotential electrodes.
Certainly, ultrasonic wave could be also used to detect blood flow of artery. In biomedical
application, there are four kinds of ultrasonic wave blood flow sensors according to specific
sensing principle and methods: (1) pulse time difference; (2) voice beam deflection; (3) phase
shift; (4) Doppler frequency shift. Readers could research biomedical engineering handbook
to learn more information.
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