§ 1.2. TO LEARN NEW VOCABULARIES AND THE TYPES OF
TRANSPORTATION WHICH DEPEND ON THE TOPIC
Types of transport is a term used to distinguish between different ways of
transportation or transporting people or goods. The different modes of transport
are air, water, and land transport, which includes Rails or railways, road and off-
road transport. Other modes also exist, including pipelines, cable transport,
and space transport. Human-powered transport and animal-powered transport are
sometimes regarded as their own mode, but never fall into the other categories. In
general, transportation is used for moving of people, animals, and other goods from
one place to another. The means of transport, on the other hand, refers to the
(motorized) vehicles necessary for transport according to the chosen mode (car,
airplane, ship, truck and rail). Each mode of transport has a fundamentally different
technological solution, and some require a separate environment. Each mode has
its own infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Animal-powered transport is the
use of working animals for the transport of people and/or goods. Humans may use
some of the animals directly, use them as pack animals for carrying goods, or
harness them, alone or in teams, to pull watercraft, sleds, or wheeled vehicles.
A fixed-wing aircraft, typically airplane, is a heavier-than-air flying vehicle, in
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which the special geometry of the wings generates lift and then lifts the whole
vehicle. Fixed-wing aircraft range from small trainers and recreational aircraft to
large airliners and military cargo aircraft. For short distances or in p laces without
runways, helicopters can
be
operable.(Other
types
of
aircraft,
like autogyros and airships, are not a significant portion of air transport.)A ir
transport is the fastest method of transport, Commercial jets reach speeds of up to
955 kilometres per hour (593 mph) and a considerably higher ground speed if there
is a jet stream tailwind, while piston-powered general aviation aircraft may reach
u
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p to 555 kilometres per hour (345 mph) or more. This celerity comes with higher
cost and energy use,and aviation's impacts to the environment and particularly the
global
climate
require
consideration
when
comparing
modes
of
transportation.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) estimates a
commercial jet's flight to have some 2-4 times the effect on the climate than if the
same CO2 emissions were made at ground level, because of different atmospheric
chemistry and radiative forcing effects at the higher altitude.U.S. airlines alone
burned about 16.2 billion gallons of fuel during the twelve months . WHO
estimates that globally as many as 500,000 people at a time are on planes.The
global trend has been for increasing numbers of people to travel by air, and
individually to do so with increasing frequency and over longer distances, a
dilemma that has the attention of climate scientists and other researchers, the
press,and the World Wide Web.The issue of impacts from frequent travel,
particularly by air because of the long distances that are easily covered in one or a
few days, is called hypermobility and has been a topic of research and
governmental concern for many years. Human powered transport, a form
of sustainable transportation, is the transport of people and/or goods
using human muscle-power, in the form of walking, running and swimming.
Modern technology has allowed machines to enhance human power. Human-
powered transport remains popular for reasons of cost -saving, leisure, p hysical
D'Acunto Ernesto. Fla sh on English for Tra nsport a nd Logistics
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exercise, and environmentalism; it is sometimes the only type available, especially
in underdeveloped or inaccessible regions.Although humans are able to walk
without infrastructure, the transport can be enhanced through the use of roads,
especially when using the human power with vehicles, such as bicycles and inline
skates. Human-powered vehicles have also been developed for difficult
environments, such as snow and water, by watercraft rowing and skiing; even the
air can be entered with human-powered aircraft. Land transport covers all land -
based transportation systems that provide for the movement of people, goods and
services. Land transport plays a vital role in linking communities to each other.
Land transport is a key factor in urban planning. It consists of 2 k inds, rail and
road.Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of
wheeled vehicles running on rail track, known as a railway or railroad. The rails
are anchored perpendicular to railroad train consists of one or more connected
vehicles that run on the rails. Propulsion is commonly provided by a locomotive,
that hauls a series of unpowered cars, that can carry passengers or freight. The
locomotive can be powered by steam, diesel or by electricity supplied by trackside
systems. Alternatively, some or all the cars can be powered, known as a multiple
unit. Also, a train can be powered by horses, cables, gravity, p neumatics and gas
turbines. Railed vehicles move with much less friction than rubber tires on p aved
roads, making trains more energy efficient, though not as efficient as
ships.Intercity trains are long-haul services connecting cities; modern high-speed
rail is capable of speeds up to 430 km/h (270 mph), but this requires a sp ecially
built track. Regional and commuter trains feed cities from suburbs and surrounding
areas,
while
intra-urban
transport
is
performed
by
high-
capacity tramways and rapid transits, often making up the backbone of a
city's public transport. Freight trains traditionally used box cars, requiring manual
loading and unloading of the cargo. Since the 1960s, container trains have become
the dominant solution for general freight, while large quantities of bulk are
transported by dedicated trains.A road is an identifiable route of travel, usually
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surfaced with gravel, asphalt or concrete, and supporting land p assage by foot or
by a number of vehicles.
The most common road vehicle in the developed world is the automobile, a
wheeled passenger vehicle that carries its own motor. As of 2002, there were 591
4
million
automobiles
worldwide.[citation
needed] Other
users
of
roadsinclude motorcars, motorcycles, buses,trucks, bicycles and p edestrians, and
special provisions are sometimes made for each of these. For example, the use
of bus lanes give priority for public transport, and cycle lanes provide special areas
of road for bicycles to use.Motorcars offer high flexibility, but are deemed with
high energy and area use, and the main source of noise and air pollution in cities;
buses allow for more efficient travel at the cost of reduced flexibility.Road
transport by truck is often the initial and final stage of freight transport.Water
transport is the process of transport that a watercraft, such as a barge, boat, ship
or sailboat, makes over a body of water, such as a sea, ocean, lake, canal or river. If
a boat or other vessel can successfully pass through a waterway it is known as a
navigable waterway. The need for buoyancy unites watercraft, and makes
the hull a dominant aspect of its construction, maintenance and appeara nce. When
a boat is floating on the water the hull of the boat is pushing aside water where the
hull now is, this is known as displacement.In the 1800s, the first steamboats were
developed, using a steam engine to drive a paddle wheel or propeller to move the
ship. The steam was produced using wood or coal. Now, most ships have an engine
using a slightly refined type of petroleum called bunker fuel. Some ships, such
as submarines, use nuclear power to produce the steam. Recreational or
educational craft still use wind power, while some smaller craft use internal
combustion engines to drive one or more propellers, or in the case of jet boats, an
inboard water jet. In shallow draft areas, hovercraft are propelled by large p usher -
prop fans.Although slow, modern sea transport is a highly effective method of
transporting large quantities of non-perishable goods. Commercial vessels, nearly
Grussendorf Ma rion. English for Logistics.
12
35,000 in number, carried 7.4 billion tons of cargo . Transport by water is
significantly less costly than air transport for transcontinental shipping; short sea
shipping and ferries remain viable in coastal areas.Pipeline transport sends goods
through a pipe, most commonly liquid and gases are sent, but pneumatic tubes can
also send solid capsules using compressed air. For example liquids/gases, any
chemically stable liquid or gas can be sent through a pipeline. Short -distance
systems exist for sewage, slurry water and beer, while long-distance networks are
used for petroleum and natural gas.Cable transport is a broad mode where vehicles
are pulled by cables instead of an internal power source. It is most commonly used
at
steep
gradient.
Typical
solutions
include aerial
tramway, elevators, escalator and ski lifts; some of these are also categorized
as conveyor transport.Space transport is transport out of Earth's atmosphere into
outer space by means of a spacecraft. While large amounts of research have gone
into technology, it is rarely used except to put satellites into orbit, and conduct
scientific experiments. However, Man has landed on the moon, and p robes have
been sent to all the planets of the Solar System. Unmanned aerial vehicle transport
drone transport is being used for medicine transportation in least developed
countries with inadequate infrastructure by an american based start-up Zipline.
Amazon.com and other transportation companies are currently testing the use of
unmanned aerial vehicles in parcel delivery. This method will allow short -range
small-parcel delivery in a short time frame.
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