Pindus Journal Of Culture, Literature, and elt

Vol 2 No. 2
https://literature.academicjournal.io 
ISSN 2792-1883 (online), Published in Vol: 2 No: 2 for the month of February-2022 
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120 
class of persons for whom only individual or descriptive terms are allowed in our system. 
Therefore, in the Uzbek language 
aka
- is applied to all brothers of the father, relatives, cousins; 
opa – 
older sisters, both relatives and cousins, second cousins, on the paternal side; singil 
–
to 
younger sisters of all degrees of kinship. 
A similar feature found in the system of kinship terms in the English language. Thus, brother is 
applied to all brothers, uncle is applied to all brothers of the father, relatives, cousins; elder, older 
sister – older sisters, both relatives and cousins, second cousins, etc. on the paternal side; little 
sister – to younger sisters of all degrees of kinship. 
The system of kinship terms is closely connected with the concepts of hyponymy and hypernyms. 
Being poorly studied on the material of many languages, including Uzbek and English, hyper-
homonymic relations of words of individual layers of vocabulary are one of the most urgent and 
most important problems of modern linguistics [26-36]. 
Hypernyms are words or phrases with generic and more generalized meanings in relation to words 
or phrases of a specific, less generalized meaning, as well as a generic concept in relation to 
specific concepts. Hypernyms consist of hyponyms, which are words or phrases; they express 
specific concepts of more special meanings in relation to words, phrases, as well as concepts of a 
generic more generalized meaning. Thus, hyponymic relations observed between the Uzbek terms 
of kinship 
ota
and bobo “paternal grandfather” in relation to the hypernym 
ota
– bobo
“ancestors”; 
and are hyponyms “father” and she “mother” in relation to the hypernyms 
ota
– 
on “parents”. the 
English equivalent of which are father and grandfather “paternal grandfather” in relation to the 
hypernym ancestors, grandsires “ancestors”; and are also hyponyms “father” and mother she 
“mother” in relation to hypernyms, parents “parents”. 
In some cases, the terms of kinship of a hyponymic nature coincide with the terms of kinship of a 
heteronymic nature. Heteronyms and their relations arise based on lexical suppletivism that is not 
always typical for hyponyms and their relations. In lexical suppletivism, different units of the 
dictionary under the pressure of association necessarily presuppose each other and form a kind of 
paradigmatic semantic microsystem. in the Uzbek language, 
ota
“father” 
– 
she is “mother”, 
opa
“older sister” 
–
singil
“younger sister”, 
aka
“elder brother” 
– uka 
“younger brother”; in English 
father “father” 
–
mother “mother”, elder, older sister “older sister” 
– 
little sister “younger sister”, 
elder, older brother “older brother” 
– 
little brother “younger brother” [3]. 
In heteronymic relations, paired words are formed. Each of the heteronymic pairs has an 
unambiguous functional-semantic characteristic in relation to each other. 
The terms of consanguinity in the Uzbek and English languages are divided into two groups: terms 
of kinship along the vertical line and terms of kinship along the horizontal line. The terms of the 
vertical line of kinship in the Uzbek language include 
ona 
“mother”, 
ota
“father”, 
qiz 
“daughter, 
girl”, 
bobo 
“grandfather on the father’s side”, “grandfather on the mother’s side”, 
buvi
“grandmother on the father’s side”, “maternal grandmother”. The terms of the vertical line of 
kinship in English include; 
mother
“mother”, 
father
“father”, 
son
“son”, 
daughter
“daughter”, 
girl
“girl”, 
grandfather
“paternal grandfather”, “maternal grandfather”, grandmother “paternal 
grandmother”, “grandmother on the mother’s side” [2].
The terms of the horizontal line of kinship in the Uzbek language include: 
aka
“older brother”, 
uka
“younger brother”, opa “older sister”, singil “younger sister”, 
amaki
“uncle on the father’s side”, 
tog’a
“uncle on the mother’s side”, 
amma
“father’s aunt”, 
hola
“maternal aunt”, 
jiyang
“nephew//niece” of the father’s side, 
jiyang
“nephew//niece of the mother’s side”. The horizontal 
line kinship term system in English is made up of lexemes; elder brother “older brother”, little 
brother “younger brother”, elder sister “older sister”, little sister “younger sister”, uncle “paternal 

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Pindus Journal Of Culture, Literature, and ELT 
ISSN
: 2792 – 1883