Negotiating: Seeking Advice in the Shadow of a Doubt
In 2007, a Fortune 500 company closed a plant in the Midwest United States. One of the people to
lose her position was an effervescent
research scientist
named Annie. The company offered Annie a
transfer to the East Coast, but it would require her to give up on her education. While working full
time, Annie was enrolled in a nighttime MBA program. She couldn’t afford to quit her job, and if she
did, the company would no longer pay for her degree. Yet if she accepted the transfer, she wouldn’t
be able to continue studying. She was in a bind, with little time and few options.
Two weeks later, something extraordinary happened: she was offered a seat on the company’s
private jet, which was normally available only to top executives, with unlimited access until she
finished her MBA. She accepted the transfer and spent the next nine months riding the corporate jet
back and forth, twice a week, until she finished her degree. The company also paid for her rental car
every week and commercial plane tickets when the corporate jet wasn’t running. How did she get the
company to make such a big investment in her?
Annie landed all of these perks without ever negotiating. Instead, she used a form of powerless
communication that’s quite familiar to givers.
Entering negotiations, takers typically work to establish a dominant position. Had Annie been a
taker, she might have compiled a list of all of her merits and attracted counteroffers from rival
companies to strengthen her position. Matchers are more inclined to see negotiating as an opportunity
for quid pro quo. If Annie were a matcher, she would have gone to a senior leader who owed her a
favor and asked for reciprocity. But Annie is a giver: she mentors dozens of colleagues, volunteers
for the United Way, and visits elementary school classes to interest students in science. When her
colleagues make a mistake, she’s regularly the one to take responsibility, shielding them from the
blame at the expense of her own performance. She once withdrew a job application when she learned
that a friend was applying for the same position.
As a giver, Annie wasn’t comfortable bargaining like a taker or a matcher, so she chose an
entirely different strategy. She reached out to a human resources manager and asked for advice. “If
you were in my shoes, what would you do?”
The manager became Annie’s advocate. She reached out to the heads of Annie’s department and
site, and started to lobby on Annie’s behalf. The department head, in turn, called Annie and asked
what he could do to keep her. Annie mentioned that she wanted to finish her MBA, but couldn’t afford
to fly back and forth. In response, the department head offered her a seat on the jet.
New research shows that advice seeking is a surprisingly effective strategy for
exercising
influence when we lack authority
. In one experiment, researcher Katie Liljenquist had people
negotiate the possible sale of commercial property. When the sellers focused on their goal of getting
the highest possible price, only 8 percent reached a successful agreement. When the sellers asked the
buyers for advice on how to meet their goals, 42 percent reached a successful agreement. Asking for
advice encouraged greater cooperation and information sharing, turning a potentially contentious
negotiation into a win-win deal. Studies demonstrate that across the manufacturing, financial services,
insurance, and pharmaceuticals industries, seeking advice is among the most
effective ways to
influence
peers, superiors, and subordinates. Advice seeking tends to be significantly more
persuasive than the taker’s preferred tactics of pressuring subordinates and ingratiating superiors.
Advice seeking is also consistently more influential than the matcher’s default approach of trading
favors.
This is true even in the upper echelons of major corporations. Recently, strategy professors Ithai
Stern and James Westphal studied executives at 350 large U.S. industrial and service firms, hoping to
find out how executives land seats on boards of directors.
Board seats
are coveted by executives, as
they often pay six-figure salaries, send clear status signals, and enrich networks by granting access to
the corporate elite.
Takers assume that the best path to a board seat is ingratiation. They flatter a director with
compliments, or track down his friends to praise him indirectly. Yet Stern and Westphal found that
flattery only worked when it was coupled with advice seeking. Instead of just complimenting a
director, executives who got board seats were more likely to seek advice along with the compliment.
When praising a director’s skill, the advice-seeking executives asked how she mastered it. When
extolling a director’s success in a task, these executives asked for recommendations about how to
replicate his success. When executives asked a director for advice in this manner, that director was
significantly more likely to recommend them for a board appointment—and they landed more board
seats as a result.
Advice seeking is a form of powerless communication that combines expressing vulnerability,
asking questions, and talking tentatively. When we ask others for advice, we’re posing a question that
conveys uncertainty and makes us vulnerable. Instead of confidently projecting that we have all the
answers, we’re admitting that others might have superior knowledge. As a result, takers and matchers
tend to shy away from advice seeking. From a taker’s perspective, asking for advice means
acknowledging that you don’t have all the answers. Takers may fear that seeking advice might make
them look weak, dependent, or incompetent. They’re wrong: research shows that people who
regularly seek advice and help
from knowledgeable colleagues are actually rated more favorably by
supervisors than those who never seek advice and help.
Appearing vulnerable doesn’t bother givers, who worry far less about protecting their egos and
projecting certainty. When givers ask for advice, it’s because they’re genuinely interested in learning
from others. Matchers hold back on advice seeking for a different reason: they might owe something
in return.
According to Liljenquist, advice seeking has four benefits: learning, perspective taking,
commitment, and flattery. When Annie asked for advice, she discovered something she didn’t know
before: the company’s jet had extra seats, and it traveled back and forth between her two key
locations. Had she lobbied more assertively instead of seeking advice, she might never have gained
this information. In fact, Annie had several previous conversations in which no one mentioned the jet.
This brings us to the second benefit of advice seeking: encouraging others to take our
perspectives. In Annie’s previous conversations, where she didn’t ask for advice, the department
head focused on the company’s interest in transferring her while saving as much money as possible.
The advice request changed the conversation. When we ask for advice, in order to give us a
recommendation, advisers have to look at the problem or dilemma from our point of view. It was only
when Annie sought guidance that the department head ended up considering the problem from her
perspective, at which point the corporate jet dawned on him as a solution.
Once the department head proposed this solution, the third benefit of advice seeking kicked in:
commitment. The department head played a key role in generating the jet solution. Since it was his
idea and he had already invested some time and energy in trying to help Annie, he was highly
motivated to help her further. He ended up paying for the rental car that she used in the Midwest and
agreeing to fund commercial flights if the corporate jet was not running.
There’s no doubt that Annie earned these privileges through a combination of hard work, talent,
and generosity. But a clever study sheds further light on why the department head was so motivated to
offer Annie more than just the corporate jet. Half a century ago, the psychologists Jon Jecker and
David Landy paid people for succeeding on a geometry task. In the control group, the participants
kept the money, and visited the department secretary to fill out a final questionnaire. But when another
group of participants started to leave, the researcher asked them for help. “I was wondering if you
would do me a favor. The funds for this experiment have run out and I am using my own money to
finish the experiment.
As a favor to me
, would you mind returning the money you won?”
Nearly all of the participants gave the money back. When questioned about how much they liked
the researcher, the people who had done him the favor liked him substantially more than the people
who didn’t. Why?
When we give our time, energy, knowledge, or resources to help others, we strive to maintain a
belief that they’re worthy and deserving of our help. Seeking advice is a subtle way to invite someone
to make a commitment to us. Once the department head took the time to offer advice to Annie, he
became more invested in her. Helping Annie generate a solution reinforced his commitment to her:
she must be worthy of his time. If she wasn’t important to him, why would he have bothered to help
her? As Benjamin Franklin wrote in his autobiography, “
He that has once done you a kindness
will be
more ready to do you another than he whom you yourself have obliged.”
When we ask people for advice, we grant them prestige, showing that we respect and admire their
insights and expertise. Since most people are matchers, they tend to respond favorably and feel
motivated to support us in return. When Annie approached the human resources manager for advice,
the manager stepped up and went to bat for her. According to biographer Walter Isaacson, Benjamin
Franklin saw advice seeking as a form of flattery. Franklin “had a
fundamental rule for winning
friends
,” Isaacson writes: appeal to “their pride and vanity by constantly seeking their opinion and
advice, and they will admire you for your judgment and wisdom.”
Regardless of their reciprocity styles, people love to be asked for advice. Giving advice makes
takers feel important, and it makes givers feel helpful. Matchers often enjoy giving advice for a
different reason: it’s a low-cost way of racking up credits that they can cash in later. As a result, when
we ask people for advice, they tend to respond positively to us.
But here’s the catch: advice seeking only works if it’s genuine. In her research on advice seeking,
Liljenquist finds that success “depends on the target perceiving it as a sincere and authentic gesture.”
When she directly encouraged people to seek advice as an influence strategy, it fell flat. Their
counterparts recognized them as fakers: they could tell that the advice seekers were ingratiating based
on ulterior motives. “People who are suspected of strategically managing impressions are more likely
to be seen as selfish, cold, manipulative, and untrustworthy,” Liljenquist writes. Advice seeking was
only effective when people did it spontaneously. Since givers are more willing to seek advice than
takers and matchers, it’s likely that many of the spontaneous advice seekers in her studies were
givers. They were actually interested in other people’s perspectives and recommendations, and they
were rated as better listeners.
I believe this applies more generally to powerless communication: it works for givers because
they establish a sincere intent to act in the best interests of others. When presenting, givers make it
clear that they’re expressing vulnerability not only to earn prestige but also to make a genuine
connection with the audience. When selling, givers ask questions in a way that conveys the desire to
help customers, not take advantage of them. When persuading and negotiating, givers speak tentatively
and seek advice because they truly value the ideas and viewpoints of others.
Powerless communication is the natural language of many givers, and one of the great engines
behind their success. Expressing vulnerability, asking questions, talking tentatively, and seeking
advice can open doors to gaining influence, but the way we direct that influence will reverberate
throughout our work lives, including some we’ve already discussed, like building networks and
collaborating with colleagues. As you’ll see later, not every giver uses powerless communication, but
those who do often find that it’s useful in situations where we need to build rapport and trust. It can’t
easily be faked, but if you fake it long enough, it might become more real than you expected. And as
Dave Walton discovered, powerless communication can be far more powerful and effective than
meets the ear.
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