K, the symbol for strikeouts, strike out 9 percent more often than their peers. The speculation here is that people are more comfortable
with negative outcomes that subtly remind them of themselves. Other evidence lends tentative support to this idea: athletes, doctors, and
lawyers whose first names start with D die sooner than those with other initials. Professional baseball players with positive initials
(A.C.E., J.O.Y., W.O.W.) live an average of thirteen years longer than players with negative initials (B.U.M., P.I.G., D.U.D.). And in
California between 1969 and 1995, compared with neutral initials, women with positive initials lived an average of 3.4 years longer, men
with positive initials lived an average of 4.5 years longer, and men with negative initials died an average of 2.8 years earlier. Consistent
with the idea that initials affect how we take care of ourselves, people with positive initials have lower accident and suicide rates, which
are higher for people with negative initials.
*
Ironically, the message backfired for the people who were conserving energy in a giver fashion. Once they saw they were below the
norm for electricity consumption, they felt licensed to take more, and actually increased their consumption by an average of 0.89
kilowatt-hours per day. The psychologists were able to prevent this unintended consequence by drawing a
next to the information that
households were consuming less than average. Apparently, this small signal of social approval was enough to motivate people to continue
acting like givers.
*
Interestingly, even though people of any reciprocity style can internalize a giving identity, there’s still a difference between givers and
takers. In one study at a
Fortune 500 retail company
with colleagues Jane Dutton and Brent Rosso, I found that when people gave to
help coworkers, they were more likely to see themselves as helpful, generous, and caring people. This is the pattern that emerges for true
givers: repeated acts of voluntary helping contribute to the development of a giver identity in general. For takers, though, the giver identity
that develops may not translate to other roles or organizations. They might become a giver on Freecycle, but when they join another
organization, they shift back to taking until they internalize that organization’s identity. As we saw earlier, the more the organization
provides a sense of optimal distinctiveness, the faster that identification tends to occur.
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