Presenting: The Value of Vulnerability
At age twenty-six, two years after finishing my doctorate in organizational psychology, I was asked to
teach senior military leaders how to motivate their troops. The military was trying to transition from a
command-and-control model to a more collaborative approach, and I happened to be doing research
related to the topic. My first assignment was a four-hour class for twenty-three colonels in the U.S.
Air Force. They were former fighter pilots, having logged an average of more than 3,500 flight hours
and 300 combat hours. Their aircraft of choice: F-16s carrying rockets and precision-guided
munitions. And just as Top Gun had taught me, they had badass nicknames.
Striker was in charge of more than 53,000 officers and a $300 million operating budget. Sand
Dune was an aerospace engineer who flew combat missions in operations Desert Storm, Iraqi
Freedom, and Enduring Freedom. Boomer was running programs that cost more than $15 billion,
including unmanned aircraft that could be flown from New Mexico to Afghanistan by remote control.
The colonels were in their forties and fifties—twice my age. They had spent their careers in an
organization that rewarded seniority, and I had none. Although I had some relevant knowledge and a
doctorate, I was way out of my league, and it showed. At the end of the day, the colonels completed
course feedback forms. Two comments were particularly revealing:
Stealth: “More quality information in audience than on podium.”
Gunner: “The instructor was very knowledgeable, but not yet experienced
enough . . . slightly missed the needs of the audience. The material was very
academic . . . I gained very little from the session. I trust the instructor did
gain useful insight.”
Others were gentler, but the message still came through loud and clear. Bomber said, “The
professors get younger every year,” and Stingray added, “I prefer that my professors be older than I
am or I start to believe that I am approaching middle age and we all know that is not true . . . don’t
we?”
I had started my presentation to the colonels with powerful communication: I talked confidently
about my credentials. This wasn’t how I usually opened in the classroom. In my role as a professor,
I’ve always felt a strong sense of responsibility to give to my students, and I tend to be more
concerned about connecting with students than establishing my authority. When I teach
undergraduates, I open my very first class with a story about my biggest failures. With the Air Force
colonels, though, I was worried about credibility, and I only had four hours—instead of my usual four
months—to establish it. Deviating from my typical vulnerable style, I adopted a dominant tone in
describing my qualifications. But the more I tried to dominate, the more the colonels resisted. I failed
to win their respect, and I felt disappointed and embarrassed.
I had another session with Air Force colonels coming up on my schedule, so I decided to try a
different opening. Instead of talking confidently about my credentials, I opened with a more
powerless, self-deprecating remark:
“I know what some of you are thinking right now:
‘What can I possibly learn from a professor who’s twelve years old?’”
There was a split second of awkward silence, and I held my breath.
Then the room erupted with bursts of laughter. A colonel named Hawk piped up: “Come on, that’s
way off base. I’m pretty sure you’re thirteen.” From there, I proceeded to deliver a near carbon copy
of my first presentation—after all, the information I had to deliver on motivation hadn’t changed. But
afterward, when I looked at the feedback, it differed night and day from my previous session:
“Spoke with personal experience. He was the right age! High energy; clearly
successful already.”
“Adam was obviously knowledgeable regarding the topic and this translated
into his passion and interest. This allowed him to be very effective. One
word—EXCELLENT!”
“Although junior in experience, he dealt with the studies in an interesting
way. Good job. Very energetic and dynamic.”
“I can’t believe Adam is only twelve! He did a great job.”
Powerless communication had made all the difference. Instead of working to establish my
credentials, I made myself vulnerable, and called out the elephant in the room. Later, I adopted the
same approach when teaching Army generals and Navy flag officers, and it worked just as well. I
was using my natural communication style, and it helped me connect with a skeptical audience.
Takers tend to worry that revealing weaknesses will compromise their dominance and authority.
Givers are much more
comfortable expressing vulnerability
: they’re interested in helping others, not
gaining power over them, so they’re not afraid of exposing chinks in their armor. By making
themselves vulnerable, givers can actually build prestige.
But there’s a twist: expressing vulnerability is only effective if the audience receives other signals
establishing the speaker’s competence. In a classic experiment led by the psychologist Elliot
Aronson, students listened to one of four tapes of a candidate auditioning for a Quiz Bowl team. Half
of the time, the candidate was an expert, getting 92 percent of questions right. The other half of the
time, the candidate had only average knowledge, getting 30 percent right.
As expected, audiences favored the expert. But an interesting wrinkle emerged when the tape
included a clumsy behavior by the candidate. Dishes crashed, and the candidate said, “Oh, my
goodness—I’ve spilled coffee all over my new suit.”
When the average candidate was clumsy, audiences liked him even less.
But when the expert was clumsy, audiences liked him even more.
Psychologists call this the
pratfall effect
. Spilling a cup of coffee hurt the image of the average
candidate: it was just another reason for the audience to dislike him. But the same blunder helped the
expert appear human and approachable—instead of superior and distant.
*
This explains why Dave
Walton’s stuttering made a positive impression on the jury. The fact that Dave was willing to make
himself vulnerable, putting his stutter out for the world to see, earned their respect and admiration.
The jurors liked and trusted him, and they listened carefully to him. This set the stage for Dave to
convince them with the substance of his arguments.
Establishing vulnerability is especially important for a lawyer like Dave Walton. Dave has a
giver tendency: he spends a great deal of time mentoring junior associates, and he fights passionately
for justice on behalf of his clients. But these aren’t the first attributes that a jury sees: his appearance
doesn’t exactly ooze warmth. “I’m a big guy with a military look,” Dave explains,
and I have an intense streak. In the trade secrets trial, I wouldn’t say stuttering is
why I won, but it helped my credibility: it made me a real person. It gave them an
insight into my character that they liked. It humanized me: this is a guy we can
pull for. It made me seem less polished, and more credible as an advocate.
People think you have to be this polished, perfect person. Actually, you don’t
want a lawyer who is too slick. Good trial lawyers aim to be an expert and a
regular guy at the same time.
When Dave Walton stands in front of a jury in spite of his stutter, they can see that he cares deeply
about his clients—he believes in them enough that he’s willing to expose his own vulnerability to
support them. This sends a powerful message to his audience that helps win them over by increasing
his prestige and softening the dominance in his natural appearance.
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