away might have contributed to his fortune. In Winners Never Cheat, he writes, “Monetarily, the most
satisfying moments in my life have not been the excitement of closing a great deal or the reaping of
profits from it. They have been when I was able to help others in need . . . There’s no denying that I
am a deal junkie, but I also have developed an addiction for giving. The more one gives, the better
one feels; and the better one feels about it, the easier it becomes to give.”
This is an extension of the idea that otherish givers build willpower muscles, making it easy to
give more, but is it possible that Huntsman actually made money by giving it away? Remarkably,
there’s evidence to support this claim. The economist Arthur Brooks tested the relationship between
income and charitable giving
. Using data from almost thirty thousand Americans in the year 2000, he
controlled for every factor imaginable that would affect income and giving. He adjusted for
education, age, race, religious involvement, political beliefs, and marital status. He also accounted
for the number of times people volunteered. As expected, higher income led to higher giving. For
every $1 in extra income, charitable giving went up by $0.14.
*
But something much more interesting happened. For every $1 in extra charitable giving, income
was $3.75 higher. Giving actually seemed to make people richer. For example, imagine that you and I
are both earning $60,000 a year. I give $1,600 to charity; you give $2,500 to charity. Although you
gave away $900 more than I did, according to the evidence, you’ll be on track to earn $3,375 more
than I will in the coming year. Surprising as it seems, people who give more go on to earn more.
Jon Huntsman Sr. may be on to something. Research shows that giving can boost happiness and
meaning, motivating people to work harder and earn more money, even if the gift isn’t on the colossal
scale of Huntsman’s. In a study by psychologists Elizabeth Dunn, Lara Aknin, and Michael Norton,
people rated their happiness in the morning. Then, they received a windfall: an envelope with $20.
They had to spend it by five
P.M.
, and then they rated their happiness again. Would they be happier
spending the money on themselves or on others?
Most people think they’d be happier spending the money on themselves, but the opposite is true. If
you spend the money on yourself, your happiness doesn’t change. But if you
spend the money on
others
, you actually report becoming significantly happier. This is otherish giving: you get to choose
who you help, and it benefits you by improving your mood. Economists call it the
warm glow
of
giving, and psychologists call it the helper’s high. Recent
neuroscience evidence
shows that giving
actually activates the reward and meaning centers in our brains, which send us pleasure and purpose
signals when we act for the benefit of others.
These benefits are not limited to giving money; they also show up for giving time. One study of
more than 2,800
Americans over age twenty-four
showed that volunteering predicted increases in
happiness, life satisfaction, and self-esteem—and decreases in depression—a year later. And for
adults over sixty-five, those who volunteered saw a
drop in depression
over an eight-year period.
Other studies show that elderly adults who volunteer or give support to others
actually live longer
.
This is true even after controlling for their health and the amount of support they get from others. In
one experiment, adults either gave
massages
to babies or received massages themselves.
Postmassage, those who gave had lower levels of stress hormones—such as cortisol and epinephrine
—than those who received. It seems that giving adds meaning to our lives, distracts us from our own
problems, and helps us feel valued by others. As researchers Roy Baumeister, Kathleen Vohs,
Jennifer Aaker, and Emily Garbinsky conclude in a
national survey of Americans
, “meaningfulness
was associated with being a giver more than a taker.”
There’s a wealth of evidence that the ensuing
happiness can motivate people
to work harder,
longer, smarter, and more effectively. Happiness can lead people to experience intense effort and long
hours as less unpleasant and more enjoyable, set more challenging goals, and think more quickly,
flexibly, and broadly about problems. One study even showed that when physicians were put in a
happier mood, they made
faster and more accurate diagnoses
. Overall, on average, happier people
earn more money, get higher performance ratings, make better decisions, negotiate sweeter deals, and
contribute more to their organizations. Happiness alone accounts for about 10 percent of the variation
between employees in job performance. By boosting happiness, giving might have motivated Jon
Huntsman Sr. to work harder and smarter, helping him build up his fortune.
Huntsman is not the only influential businessperson who has come to view giving as a source of
energy. In 2003,
Virgin mogul
Richard Branson set up a council called The Elders to fight conflict and
promote peace, bringing together Nelson Mandela, Jimmy Carter, Kofi Annan, Desmond Tutu, and
other leaders to alleviate suffering in Sudan, Cyprus, and Kenya. In 2004, Branson launched Virgin
Unite, a nonprofit foundation that mobilizes people and resources to fight deadly diseases like AIDS
and malaria, promote peace and justice, prevent climate change, and support entrepreneurs with
microloans and new jobs in the developing world. In 2006, he pledged to donate all $3 billion of the
profits from the Virgin airline and train businesses over the next decade to fight global warming. In
2007, he offered a $25 million prize for innovations to fight climate change. Was this string of events
caused by a midlife crisis?
Actually, Branson was giving long before he became rich and famous. At age seventeen, a year
after starting Student magazine and five full years before launching Virgin Records, Branson started
his first charity. It was the Student Advisory Centre, a nonprofit organization that helped at-risk youth
with a range of services. He made a list of problems that young people faced, from unwanted
pregnancies to venereal disease, and convinced doctors to offer free or discounted services. He spent
many nights on the phone at three
A.M.
consoling people who were contemplating suicide. Looking
back, he notes that early in his career, he “had been interested in making money only to ensure
Student’s continuing success and to fund the Student Advisory Centre.” Today, giving continues to
energize him. The “thing that gets me up in the morning is the idea of making a difference,” Branson
writes, “to help safeguard our future on this planet. Does that make me successful? It certainly makes
me happy.”
These energizing effects help to explain why otherish givers are fortified against burnout: through
giving, they build up reserves of happiness and meaning that takers and matchers are less able to
access. Selfless givers use up these reserves, exhausting themselves and often dropping to the bottom
of the success ladder. By giving in ways that are energizing rather than exhausting, otherish givers are
more likely to rise to the top. In two studies of employees in a wide range of jobs and organizations,
psychologist David Mayer and I found that otherish employees made
more sustainable contributions
than the selfless givers, takers, or matchers. Employees who reported strong concern for benefiting
others and creating a positive image for themselves were rated by supervisors as being the most
helpful and taking the most initiative.
Ironically, because concern for their own interests sustains their energy, otherish givers actually
give more than selfless givers. This is what the late Herbert Simon, winner of the Nobel Prize in
economics, observed in the quote that opened this chapter. Otherish givers may appear less altruistic
than selfless givers, but their resilience against burnout enables them to contribute more.
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