optimal distinctiveness
: we look for ways to fit in and stand out. A
popular way to achieve optimal distinctiveness is to join a unique group. Being part of a group with
shared interests, identities, goals, values, skills, characteristics, or experiences gives us a sense of
connection and belonging. At the same time, being part of a group that is clearly distinct from other
groups gives us a sense of uniqueness. Studies show that people identify more strongly with
individuals and groups that share unique similarities. The more rare a group, value, interest, skill, or
experience is, the more likely it is to facilitate a bond. And research indicates that people are happier
in groups that provide optimal distinctiveness, giving a sense of both inclusion and uniqueness. These
are the groups in which we take the most pride, and feel the most cohesive and valued.
Freecycle initially provided a sense of optimal distinctiveness through its emphasis on protecting
the environment. The central goal was different from most recycling movements: instead of
reprocessing old materials into new ones, members found recipients who wanted goods that couldn’t
be reprocessed, keeping them out of landfills. This common purpose created a shared identity within
the Freecycle community, fostering a sense of connection across diverse ideologies. The original
group of Freecycle volunteers in Tucson included a liberal Democrat who was passionate about
environmental sustainability, a conservative Republican who didn’t believe in waste, and a
Libertarian who wanted to empower people to do things themselves, rather than relying on
governmental support. Over time, as membership expanded and diversified, each Freecycle
community provided an outlet for people to customize giving to their own interests. In New York, for
example, a local group made a habit of shutting down a city block for Freecycle gifting events.
By fostering a common identity and opportunities for unique self-expression, Freecycle was able
to mobilize a giving system based on generalized reciprocity: you give to help others in the
community, and you know that someone in the community will give to you. But Willer’s team finds
that there’s a catch: such a system depends on a “critical mass of exchange benefits,” which “creates
positive sentiments toward the group, sentiments that help fuel further contributions.” In other words,
people only identify with a generalized giving group after they receive enough benefits to feel like the
group is helping them. With Freecycle, this outcome was by no means guaranteed; after all, if the
givers on the site had been overwhelmed by takers looking for a free ride, the whole thing might
never have gotten off the ground. How did Freecycle accumulate that initial critical mass of giving
and discourage free riding?
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