examined a fingerprint evaluation sheet and remarked, “This is interesting. You both have Type E
fingerprints.”
Now, would you be more likely to help?
It depends on how the similarity was framed. Half of the time, the researcher mentioned that Type
E fingerprints are common: about 80 percent of the population has them. The other half of the time, the
researcher mentioned that Type E fingerprints are very rare: only about 2 percent of the population
has them.
When the similarity was common, 55 percent of participants helped—hardly more than the control
group. But when the similarity was rare, 82 percent of participants helped. It was not just any
commonality that drove people to act like givers. It was an uncommon commonality. In Pelham’s
studies, name-similarity effects on where we live, what careers we choose, and whom we marry are
stronger for people with rare names than common names. We gravitate toward people, places, and
products with which we share an uncommon commonality. This is the bond that the two Adam Rifkins
felt when they first connected. Adam Rifkin is a rare name, and the uncommon commonality may have
greased the attraction process. Indeed, Pelham’s research shows that the more unique your name is,
the more likely you are to identify with places that resemble your name.
To explain why uncommon commonalities are so transformative, the psychologist Marilynn
Brewer developed an influential theory. On the one hand, we want to fit in: we strive for connection,
cohesiveness, community, belonging, inclusion, and affiliation with others. On the other hand, we
want to stand out: we search for uniqueness, differentiation, and individuality. As we navigate the
social world, these two motives are often in conflict. The more strongly we affiliate with a group, the
greater our risk of losing our sense of uniqueness. The more we work to distinguish ourselves from
others, the greater our risk of losing our sense of belongingness.
How do we resolve this conflict? The solution is to be the same and different at the same time.
Brewer calls it the principle of
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