Pushing Past Pushover
Lillian’s progress struck a chord with me. As a freshman in college, I accepted a job selling
advertisements for the Let’s Go travel guides. Written and produced entirely by Harvard students, the
Let’s Go guides were billed as the bible of the budget traveler, rivaling Lonely Planet, Frommer’s,
and Rick Steves’ as the go-to resource for getting around a foreign country on the cheap. On my first
day, my manager handed me a list of clients and said, “These people spent about $300,000 last year
on ads in the Let’s Go books. Just call them up and convince them to advertise again.” Then she
turned around and walked away.
As I realized that I wouldn’t get any training, I began to panic. I had no product knowledge and no
relevant experience, and I had never left North America. I was only eighteen years old, and I had no
business making sales pitches to senior vice presidents at major international companies.
*
I mustered up the courage to call one of Let’s Go’s longtime advertisers, a man named Steven who
ran a travel agency. The moment he started talking, it was clear he was furious. “At first, I was glad to
see that my agency was written up in the books, separate from my ad,” he snarled, “until I saw that
outdated contact information was listed. So your readers can reach me, I’ve had to pay hundreds of
dollars to maintain old postal addresses and e-mail accounts.” I gently explained that advertising and
editorial are separate departments; I could ensure the accuracy of his ads, but I had no influence over
the content of the books themselves. Steven didn’t care; he demanded an advertising discount to make
up for the editorial error and threatened not to renew his ad if I didn’t comply. Feeling bad for him, I
granted him a 10 percent discount. This violated a Let’s Go policy that appeared in my contract,
prohibiting all discounts that didn’t appear in our media kit, and it was a preview of more mistakes to
come.
After contacting several dozen clients, I had given three more discounts and signed very few
contracts, which became mortifying when I learned that Let’s Go had a 95 percent client renewal rate.
Along with bringing in no revenue, when a client demanded a refund on the previous year’s ad, I
caved, becoming the first employee to give away money that was already on the books. In empathizing
with clients and trying to meet their needs in any way possible, I was helping them at my own expense
—not to mention my company’s. I was a disaster, and I was ready to quit.
It wasn’t the first time I had been a giver to a fault. When I was fourteen, I decided to become a
springboard diver. I was determined to master the art of hurling myself into the air, doing somersaults
and twists, and entering the water gracefully without a splash. Never mind that I could hardly jump,
flip, or twist, I was terrified to try new dives, and my teammates called out my lack of flexibility by
nicknaming me Frankenstein. One day, my coach brought a metronome to practice in the hopes of
improving my timing. After several hours of effort, he declared me incapable of rhythm.
For the next four years, I trained six hours a day. Eventually, I became a two-time state finalist, a
two-time junior Olympic national qualifier, and an All-American diver. I would go on to compete at
the NCAA varsity level at Harvard. But along the way, I sacrificed my own success. Several months
before the biggest meet of my life, I volunteered to coach two of my competitors. I taught them new
dives, critiqued their form, and revealed the secret of the rip entry, showing them how to disappear
into the water at the end of a dive.
They returned the favor by beating me at the state championships, by just a handful of points.
At Let’s Go, I was once again benefiting others at a personal cost. Although I was helping my
clients save money, I was a pushover, losing revenues for the company and sacrificing my own
commission. But the following week, I happened to meet a new assistant manager at Let’s Go whose
position was created as a result of the advertising revenue that my predecessor generated. The job
made it possible for her to pay for school. It was the inspiration that I needed: I realized that my
colleagues were depending on me. As a student, I didn’t have a wife and children yet, but I could see
myself as an agent on behalf of college students in search of jobs that would defray the cost of tuition
and provide meaningful work experiences. I might be a doormat when lobbying solely for my own
interests, but when I was representing the interests of students, I was willing to fight to protect them.
Before a heated negotiation with a merciless French hotelier who demanded a discount, I thought
about how the revenue could support job creation, which gave me the resolve to dig in my heels. I
added a relational account: if I gave him a discount, it would only be fair to offer the same to our
other clients, and I had a responsibility to be consistent. He ended up paying the full price.
After four months, I had set company records by bringing in more than $600,000 in revenue,
nearly doubling my predecessor’s tally, and landing more than $230,000 from cold calls to new
prospects. I sold the largest advertising package in company history, and our president announced at a
banquet that I was “one of the finest advertising associates ever to come through” the company. At age
nineteen, I was promoted to director of advertising sales, which put me in charge of a budget above
$1 million and tasked me with hiring, training, and motivating my own staff.
Right after I was promoted, the Internet bubble collapsed. More than a dozen clients went out of
business before our advertising season even started, and six of our ten biggest clients informed me
that their advertising budgets had been slashed, so they wouldn’t be able to renew. When all was said
and done, Let’s Go lost twenty-two loyal clients and 43 percent of the total budget from the previous
year. The worst blow came when our largest client called. It was Michael, the vice president of the
student travel agency that had purchased the record-setting package the previous year. “I’m very sorry
to tell you this, because we love your product and value this relationship.” Michael took a deep
breath. “But due to budget constraints and a declining travel market, I’m not sure if we can afford to
advertise this year at all. To even consider it, we’ll need a major discount.”
Knowing that many jobs depended on revenue from Michael’s company, I became an advocate
and pushed back. Because his rivals were pulling their ads, I told Michael, it was an opportunity to
gain a leg up on the competition—and what better time to invest than during a recession? He said he
would check with his boss and get back to me. The following week, he called with bad news: he had
authorization to advertise in our books only if he could have the same package as the prior year, and
only with a 70 percent discount. This would slash his expenditure of just under $120,000 to below
$40,000.
While I was trying to figure out how much of a discount we could afford, I went to coach a diving
practice. Sitting on the pool deck, it dawned on me that there was a major difference between diving
and Let’s Go. Individual sports involved zero-sum contests where helping competitors win meant that
I would be more likely to lose. In business, though, win-win was possible; my clients’ interests didn’t
have to be at odds with my own. When I began to contemplate Michael’s interests, I realized that he
might value products to give away for free in his store. I learned from colleagues that our publishing
contract gave Let’s Go the rights to sell or license any content that didn’t exceed twenty pages, so I
offered him sponsorship of a new product: twenty-page Let’s Go travel booklets that he could hand
out to customers. Customers would appreciate the free travel tips and might stay longer in the store or
be more likely to return. Since the funds would come from his distribution budget rather than his
advertising budget, he was able to consider the possibility. When I gave further thought to Michael’s
interests, I realized that the booklets would be more valuable to him if he could sponsor them
exclusively, rather than featuring other companies’ ads. We agreed on a mutually beneficial deal for
exclusive sponsorship, and he ended up spending more than $140,000, topping my own previous
record for the largest ad package in company history.
Whereas advocacy and relational accounts enabled me to become more assertive in win-lose
negotiations, it was perspective taking that helped me expand the pie and succeed in win-win
negotiations. Ultimately, despite the dot-com bust, this approach led more than half of our renewal
clients to increase their ad packages. Our team brought in more than $550,000 in profits, making it
possible to increase the size of our staff and introduce new marketing initiatives. After months of
hounding delinquent clients to send their payments, I became the only manager in recent history to
bring in 100 percent of accounts receivable, leaving no bad debt. I was elected to the company’s
board of directors and earned the manager of the year award for leadership, commitment, and
business acumen. The lessons I learned at Let’s Go stuck with me, and I decided to spend the rest of
my career teaching other givers what I had discovered about overcoming the doormat effect.
For a number of years, researchers have known that successful negotiators tend to operate in an
otherish fashion. In a comprehensive analysis of
twenty-eight different studies
led by Dutch
psychologist Carsten De Dreu, the best negotiators weren’t takers or selfless givers. The takers
focused on claiming value: they saw negotiations as zero-sum, win-lose contests and didn’t trust their
opponents, so they bargained aggressively, overlooking opportunities to create value through
developing an understanding of their counterparts’ interests. The selfless givers made too many
concessions, benefiting their counterparts at a personal cost. The most effective negotiators were
otherish: they reported high concern for their own interests and high concern for their counterparts’
interests. By looking for opportunities to benefit others and themselves, otherish givers are able to
think in more complex ways and identify win-win solutions that both takers and selfless givers miss.
Instead of just giving away value like selfless givers, otherish givers create value first. By the time
they give slices of pie away, the entire pie is big enough that there’s plenty left to claim for
themselves: they can give more and take more.
This notion of expanding the pie captures a turning point in Lillian Bauer’s career. Although she
had learned to push back with clients and place boundaries on the time she spent mentoring and
helping takers, she wasn’t willing to let go of helping givers and matchers. When junior associates
who didn’t seem like takers needed help, she still gave in a selfless manner, sacrificing inordinate
amounts of her time regardless of her own schedule and demands.
Jason Geller adopted a more otherish approach: he found a way to expand the amount of giving
that he could accomplish without increasing the demands on his time. Geller engaged others in sharing
the workload, creating opportunities for them to become givers, while keeping himself from becoming
overloaded. As a senior manager, when junior analysts asked him for help, Geller would suggest a
lunch, and invite a couple newer managers to come along. This opened the door for the managers to
have access to him, and for them to provide mentoring to the junior analysts. “It’s a great way for
them to build the support of folks more junior to them,” he says. Instead of doing all of the giving
himself, he was able to connect junior analysts with multiple mentors, who provided a broader base
of knowledge and advice.
After being told she was too generous, Bauer adopted an approach that resembled Geller’s. She
started doing group mentoring sessions instead of only one-on-ones:
I asked myself, “Am I really the only person who can help in this particular
instance?” I tried not to think about myself as the only resource I was optimizing,
and started connecting people to help each other. Now, I’m quite explicit with my
mentees. I tell them, “People did this for me, and you need to do this for other
people. There is an expectation that when you receive that kind of generosity
from people, you need to pay it forward.”
By deciding not to carry the burden alone, Bauer expanded the pie, enabling her giving to have a
broader impact while protecting her own time. “If you have a natural mix of givers, takers, and
matchers in your company,” Bauer says, “you can do a lot to magnify the giver tendency, suppress the
more aggressive taker tendencies, and shift the matchers toward giving. There’s an energy and a
satisfaction that you get out of it. In its own way, it’s addictive.”
Instead of assuming that they’re doomed to become doormats, successful givers recognize that
their everyday choices shape the results they achieve in competitive, confrontational situations. The
dangers lie less in giving itself, and more in the rigidity of sticking with a single reciprocity style
across all interactions and relationships. As the psychologist Brian Little puts it, even if a style like
giving is our first nature, our ability to prosper depends on developing enough comfort with a
matching approach that it
becomes second nature
. Although many successful givers start from the
default of trusting others’ intentions, they’re also careful to scan their environments to screen for
potential takers, always ready to shift from feeling a taker’s emotions to analyzing a taker’s thoughts,
and flex from giving unconditionally to a more measured approach of generous tit for tat. And when
they feel inclined to back down, successful givers are prepared to draw reserves of assertiveness
from their commitments to the people who matter to them.
For Lillian Bauer, these shifts in strategy catalyzed a chump change. As Bauer learned to leverage
her natural strengths in advocating for others and reading other people’s motives, she adapted her
behavior to invest in those on whom she could have the greatest influence and encouraged them to
give as well. The cumulative effect was that she transformed from a doormat into a successful giver.
Even though her generosity initially slowed her rise to partner, she ended up getting there ahead of
schedule. Lillian Bauer was one of the first members of her consulting class to make partner.
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