relational account
—an explanation for a request that
highlights concern for the interests of others, not only oneself. When women ask for a higher salary,
they run the risk of violating expectations that they will be “other-oriented and caring, giving rather
than taking in character,” Babcock writes with Hannah Riley Bowles. Whereas women may be
uniquely worried that assertiveness will violate gender norms, givers of both sexes worry about
violating their own reciprocity preferences. If they push too hard, they’ll feel like takers, rather than
givers. But when givers are advocating for someone else, pushing is closely aligned with their values
of protecting and promoting the interests of others: givers can chalk it up to caring. And by offering
relational accounts, givers do more than just think of themselves as agents advocating for others; they
present themselves as agents advocating for others, which is a powerful way to maintain their self-
images and social images as givers.
This reasoning proved relevant to Lillian Bauer when she decided to stop letting clients treat her
like a doormat. “I want to be generous, and I build trust with clients, but that doesn’t mean they can
walk all over me,” Bauer notes. To decline requests from clients that fell outside the scope of a
project, she used a combination of advocacy and relational accounts. Starting with advocacy, Bauer
began to think about herself as an agent for the consultants on her team. “Givers have a protective
side. In negotiating with a client, I feel a lot of responsibility for my team, and it makes me more
willing to draw a hard line.” Then, she developed a habit of articulating this responsibility to her
clients: “When a client makes an unreasonable request, I explain that it’s going to stretch my team, or
kill them working crazy hours. The client knows I will bend over backward to do what’s right for
them, so when I do push back, it has a lot more impact: there’s a good reason for it.”
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