Three Types of Quantum Computing Machines
Today there are three types of quantum machines in use. One is the quantum
annealer, of which the D-Wave system is the leading example.
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Quantum annealers
do not attempt to manipulate the qubits as they compute. That means they can do
calculations using one thousand qubits or more and rely on qubits getting entangled
more or less at random. In this way, a quantum annealer can be used to solve
complex sampling and optimization problems.
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The second type of quantum computer—or rather computer model—is the quantum
emulator, or simulator, which is actually an analog system. The quantum emulator
allows the study of quantum systems that are difficult to study in the laboratory and
impossible to model even with a supercomputer. They are special-purpose devices
designed to provide insights about specific physics problems, such as by simulating
certain aspects of the earth’s climate in a controlled experiment or simulating the best
way for electricity to be transmitted without loss. Recently two independent teams of
scientists, including one from the Joint Quantum Institute, have used more than 50
interacting atomic qubits to mimic magnetic quantum matter.
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The third type of quantum computer, and the one most commentators refer to when
discussing quantum computing, is the universal quantum computer. The universal
quantum computer will be able to run almost any type of algorithm and discover
patterns in data that existing digital computers, including the fastest supercomputers,
cannot. The computing power needed for a universal quantum computer, however,
requires entangling the qubits during the entire time of computing—a challenging
feat.
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Andrea Morello, “Double or Nothing: Could Quantum Computing Replace Moore’s Law?,” The
Conversation, June 12, 2018, https://theconversation.com/double-or-nothing-could-quantum-
computing-replace-moores-law-362.
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There is debate about whether a quantum annealer can be referred to as a quantum computer.
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Arthur Herman, “Winning the Race in Quantum Computing,” American Affairs, May 30, 2018,
https://americanaffairsjournal.org/2018/05/winning-the-race-in-quantum-computing/.
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Emily Edwards, “Quantum Simulators Wield Control over More than 50 Qubits,” Joint Quantum
Institute, December 1, 2017, http://jqi.umd.edu/news/quantum-simulators-wield-control-over-more-
50-qubits.
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Quantum Computing: How to Address the National Security Risk
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