The Difficulty in Predicting Q-Day
Hypothetically, if the first useful universal quantum computer can be looked at as
quantum computer 1.0, each subsequent version will boast a higher number of
entangled qubits, providing an increasing amount of computing power. A quantum
prime computer, then, will be the approximate equivalent of quantum computer
version 5.0, with a massive jump in the number of entangled qubits compared to the
number that computer makers have successfully entangled today. Compared to
Google’s 72 qubits, for example, experts predict that a quantum prime computer will
require 4,000 entangled qubits (often referred to as logical qubits) to break RSA
2096, and 2,500 qubits to break elliptical curve cryptography—two widely used
asymmetric cryptosystems.
There is considerable debate as to whether such a computer is 5, 10, or 15 years off.
IBM, for example, predicts that large-scale quantum computers, or what we are
calling a quantum prime computer, may be only five years away.
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Why is it so difficult to predict the evolution from today’s quantum computer 1.0 to a
quantum prime computer?
First, it is difficult to make such a prediction because there are different architecture
models for making qubits (e.g., superconducting, topological, and ion trap).
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Leading
companies are employing these different approaches, but many theoretical and
engineering hurdles remain.
Second, quantum computer 1.0 will be used to design the next generation of quantum
computers.
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Scientists have long been warning about the end of Moore’s Law, which
is used to predict the acceleration of technology. With the invention—and potential
ubiquity—of quantum computing, there truly is no way to know if Moore’s Law will be
applicable for predicting how quickly we will reach a quantum prime computer.
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Last, emerging technology will also have a role to play in designing future quantum
computers. For example, artificial intelligence is closer on the horizon than quantum
computers and will be useful in writing algorithms and software for quantum
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John Breeden, “Tomorrow’s Quantum Computers Are Already Threatening Today’s Data,” Defense
One, July 10, 2018, https://www.defenseone.com/threats/2018/07/future-quantum-computers-
already-threatening-todays-data/149557/.
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Sam Sattel, “The Future of Computing—Quantum & Qubits” EAGLE (blog), Autodesk 2D and 3D
Design and Engineering Software, May 24, 2017,
https://www.autodesk.com/products/eagle/blog/future-computing-quantum-qubits/.
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Will Knight, “Serious Quantum Computers Are Finally Here. What Are We Going To Do with
Them?,” MIT Technology Review, February 21, 2018,
https://www.technologyreview.com/s/610250/serious-quantum-computers-are-finally-here-what-
are-we-going-to-do-with-them/.
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“Technology Quarterly: After Moore’s Law,” Economist, February 25, 2016,
https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2016-03-12/after-moores-law.
Arthur Herman & Idalia Friedson
computers in the near and long term.
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Again, it is difficult to anticipate how much AI
will help accelerate the time frame from quantum computer 1.0 to a quantum prime
computer, but the impending intersection of quantum and AI is clear.
When reading differing analyses, it is important to note that quantum computing
companies have a vested interest in predicting a longer timeline for realization of a
quantum prime computer (often citing 20 years or more), while quantum
cybersecurity experts have an interest in predicting an earlier date (some say as soon
as 2026).
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The point is that there are too many variables to predict with precision when a
quantum computer will pose such a significant threat to national security.
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