Question 21-31 are based on the following passage and
supplementary material.
The passage is adapted from Ed Yong, “Madness of Crowds:
Single Ants Beat Colonies at Easy Choices” 2013 by National
Geographic Society.
Virtually every article or documentary about ants
takes a moment to fawn over their incredible collective
achievements. Together, ant colonies can raise gardens
and livestock, build living rafts, run
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vaccination programmes, overpower huge prey, deter
elephants, and invade continents. No individual could do
any of this; it takes a colony to pull off such feats.
But ants can also make mistakes. Like all animal
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collectives, they face situations when the crowd’s wisdom
turn into foolishness.
Takao Sasaki and Stephen Pratt from Arizona State
University found one such example among house- hunting
Temnothorax ants, When they need
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to find a new nest, workers spread out form their
colony to search for good real estate. In earlier work,
Sasaki and Pratt have shown that, as a group, the ants are
better at picking the best of two closely-matched locations,
even if the most of the workers have only
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seen one of the options. It’s a classic example of
swarm intelligence, where a colony collectively
computes the best solution to a task.
But Sasaki showed that this only happens if their choice
is difficult. If one nest site is clearly better that
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the other, individual ants actually outperform
colonies.
When a workers finds a new potential home, it judges
the quality for itself. Temnothorax ants love dark nests, in
particular, with fewer holes, it’s easier
30
to control their temperature or defend them. If the
worker decides that it like the spot, it returns to the colony
and leads a single follower to the new location. If the
follower agrees, it does the same. Through these
“tandem-runs,” sites build up support,
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and better ones do so more quickly than poorer ones.
When enough ants have been convinced of the worth of a
site, their migration gathers pace, workers just
start picking up their nestmates and carrying them to the
new site.
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In past experiments, Sasaki and Pratt have always
found that ant colonies make better decisions than
individual workers. Even though each worker might only
visit one or two possible sites, the colony collectively
explores all the options and weights them
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against one another. And since many individuals
need to “vote” for a particular site, “this prevents any
one ant’s poor choice from misleading the entire colony,”
says Sasaki.
This time, the team wanted to see if the colony
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keeps its superiority for easy tasks as well as difficult
ones. They presented Temnothorax ants with two
possible nests - one held in constant darkness and
another whose brightness could be adjusted. Sometimes,
the ants had an easy choice between a
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dark nest and a blindingly illuminated one.
Sometimes, they had to choose between two similar sites,
one just marginally dimmer than the other.
As the light difference between the nests got bigger
and the task became easier, the ants, whether
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as individuals or colonies, made more accurate
choices. The team expected as much. But to their surprise,
the single workers showed the greatest improvements and
eventually outperformed their collective peers. In the
easiest tasks, they chose the
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darker nest 90 percent of the time, while the colonies
peaked at 80 percent accuracy.
To understand why this happens, consider how the
ants choose their nests. If an individual is working by
herself, she might visit a few sites in a
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row and gauge the difference between them. If
they’re very similar, there’s a good chance she’ll make
the wrong decision. But the colony doesn’t work off the
recommendations of any individual; it relies on a
quorum, just like the up- and down-voting
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systems of some social websites. Together, the colony
can amplify small differences between closely-matched
sites and smooth out bad choices from errant individuals.
Still, this systems isn’t perfect. If many ants happen
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to find a bad site very quickly, they might reach a quorum
before other workers have time to rouse support for a
better alternative. “A bad choice can happen even if one
site is much better than the other,
because the ants at the bad site will have no
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information at all about the existence of the better
alternative,” says Sasaki.
A single ant isn’t as vulnerable to this problem. “She
will visit both sites, easily see that one is better than the
other, and nearly always make the right
90
choice,” says Sasaki. Colonies, however, put less
effort into comparing their options than lone individuals,
which sometimes leads them astray.
21
The central claim in the passage is that
A) Individual ants are superior to colonies in distinguishing
between dark and dim nests.
B) Individual ants are better than colonies in making easy
nest selection choices.
C) The choices of an ant colony are better than individual
ants’ choices.
D) Colonies are most likely to follow individual ants’
choices when nest difference are extreme
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22
It can reasonably be inferred that for the purpose of the
primary experiment described in the passage, the most
important aspect of Temnothorax ants was their
A) Unusual strength
B) Visual acuity
C) Nest preferences
D) Large numbers
23
The author uses the term “tandem-runs” (line 34) to convey
a sense of how
A) The behaviors of individual ants contribute to a
collective action
B) The efforts of individual ants are sometimes negated
C) An individual ant deserts its colony and joins another
D) A colony of ants works together to build its nest
24
In what way did the conditions of the primary experiment
described in the passage differ from those of Sasaki and
Pratt’s past experiments?
A) The researchers manipulated the amount of light to
vary nest selection difficulty.
B) The researchers positioned new nest sites at a remote
distance from existing ones.
C) The researchers observed the behaviour of individual
ants in relation to colonies
D) The researchers disrupted some of the ant nests soon
after they were built
25
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to
the previous question?
A) Lines 16-20 (“In earlier … options”)
B) Lines 40-42 (“In past …. Workers”)
C) Lines 42-45 (“Even … another”)
D) Lines 54-55 (“Sometimes, the … one”)
26
The account of how the ants choose their nests (line 68) is
intended mainly to
A) evoke a sense of awe for ants’ industriousness
B) summarize the result of a discredited experiment
C) provide context for an unexpected finding
D) establish how scientists monitor ant behaviour.
27
As used in line 75. “system” most nearly means
A) Method
B) Plot
C) Grouping
D) Tendency
28
The main purpose of the graph is to
A) Represent the speed with which two groups of ants
locate their nests when they encounter a range of
circumstances
B) Demonstrate the relative similarity of nests in sites
discovered by individual ants by ant colonies
C) Indicate the long-term effects of practice on the ability
of ants to locate appropriate nests.
D) Compare the success of individual ants and colonies in
identifying better nesting locations under different
conditions.
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29
According to the graph, at which percent difference in
quality between nests are individual ants and ant colonies
equally likely to make a correct selection?
A) 20 percent
B) 40 percent
C) 60 percent
D) 80 percent
30
It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that the label
“probability of correct decision” on the graph refers to the
likelihood of the choice of nest sites that
A) are less highly illuminated
B) have been selected by a species
C) are located near food sources
D) are structurally sound
31
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to
the previous question?
A) Lines 24-26 (“If one…colonies”)
B) Lines 27-28 (“If …itself”)
C) Lines 28-29 (“Temnothorax …particular”)
D) Lines 30-33 (“if the worker …location”)
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