Question 32-42 are based on the following passage and
supplementary material.
This passage is adapted from Adam Grant, “ The Best Lie
Detection in the Workplace,” ã2013 by the Washington Post.
Lie detection is a notoriously difficult skill to master.
In fact, even most so-called lie detection experts -
experienced detectives, psychiatrists, job interviewers,
judges, polygraph administrators,
5
intelligence agents and auditors -hardly do better than
chance. In a massive analysis of studies with more than
24,000 people, psychologists Charles Bond Jr. and Bella
DePaulo found that even the experts are right less than
55 percent of the time.
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Still, some people are better judges of character than
others. So when we need to count on people to assess
honesty, we tend to turn to the skeptics among us
expecting that they’ll be thorough and discerning.
Consider a clever study by psychologists
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Nancy Carter and Mark Weber, who presented business
professionals with a scenario about an organization
struggling with dishonesty in its hiring interviews. They
had the chance to choose one of two highly competent
senior managers to be the
20
company’s job interviewer. The major difference
between the two managers wasn’t experience or skill, it
was a matter of personality. One manager was sceptical
and suspicious, whereas the other manager had a habit of
trusting others.
25
Eighty-five percent chose the skeptical manager to
make the hiring decision, expecting the trusting
manager to be naï
ve and easily duped.
But we are right that skeptics are better lie
detectors? To find out, Carter and Weber created
30
videotapes of eight business students interviewing for
a job. Half of the interviewees told the truth throughout
the interview, while the other half was instructed to tell
three significant lies apiece.
Carter and Weber recruited a group of people to
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watch the videos. Several days beforehand, they had
completed a survey about whether they were generally
sceptical or trusting of others. After
watching the videos, the participants placed their bets
about which candidates lied and which told the
40
truth, and thus made a choice as to who they would
hire.
The result were surprising. The more trusting evaluators
better identified the liars among the group than the skeptics
did, and were also less likely to hire
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those liars. Contrary to conventional wisdom, it’s the
skeptics who are easiest to fool. Why would this be? One
possibility, according to Carter and Weber, is that
lie-detection skills cause people to become more trusting.
If you’re good at spotting lies, you need to
50
worry less about being deceived by others, because
you can often catch them in the act.
The other possibility is that by trusting others, we
sharpen our skills in reading people. Skeptics assume that
most people are hiding or misrepresenting
55
something. This makes them interpersonally risk-
averse, whereas people who habitually trust others get
to see a wider range of actions—from honesty to
deception and generosity to selfishness. Over time, this
create more opportunities to learn
60
about the signals that distinguish liars from truth
tellers.
So what signals do trusters use to spot lies? One of the
study’s findings is that they pay more attention to vocal
cues than skeptics do. This lines up beautifully
65
with a breakthrough review led by the psychologist
Alder Vrij. His team examined several decades of
research and concluded that most of us rely heavily on
nonverbal cues, such as nervousness or confidence,
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even though they can be misleading.
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To effectively spot lies, Vrij and colleagues recommend
renewed attention to verbal cues - inconsistencies in stories
and incorrect responses to questions for which you already
know the answer.
32
It can reasonably be inferred from the passage that
the majority of the “business professionals” in line
16 believed that
A) many hiring managers fail to recognize dishonesty
in job candidates
B) most senior managers are sceptical about those who
work for them
C) skeptics are better than trustful individuals at detecting
lies
D) personality is not a critical element of what makes a
good manager
33
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to
the previous question?
A) Lines 14-18 (“Consider …interviews”)
B) Lines 18-20 (“They…interviewer”)
C) Lines 20-24 (“The majority … others”)
D) Lines 25-27 (“Eighty-five…duped”)
34
As used in line 22, “matter” most nearly means
A) issue.
B) topic.
C) substance.
D) amount.
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35
The
author
poses
questions
in
lines
28-29
(“But…detectors”) , line 46 (“Why … be”) and line 62 (“So …
lies”) primarily to
A) challenge points made earlier in the passage
B) provide transitions to further develop the passage.
C) identify noteworthy conclusions in the passage.
D) express uncertainty about claims made in the passage.
36
Based on the passage, what is indicated by the study of
people who watched the interview videos?
A) Skeptics are quite hard to distinguish from people who
are trusting of others.
B) About half of job applicants are truthful in their
interviews and about half are deceitful
C) Individuals who are trusting tend to make more
informed hiring decisions than do those who are sceptical
D) Trying to predict the outcome of science research is
unlikely to enhance the results of the research
37
Which choice provides the best evidence for the answer to
the previous question?
A) Lines 25-27 (“Eighty-five percent…duped.”)
B) Lines 37-41 (“After watching … hire.”)
C) Lines 42-46 (“The more … fool.”)
D) Lines 62-64 (“So what … skeptics do.”)
38
The main distinction between the two possibilities discussed
in lines 47-61 (“One…tellers”) is that the second possibility
considers
A) honesty to be of primary rather than secondary
importance.
B) scepticism to be a desirable trait rather than an
undesirable one.
C) interpersonal skills to be difficult rather than easy to
assess.
D) trusting people to be a cause rather than an effect of
reliable lie detection.
39
As used in line 49, “spotting” most nearly means
A) shaming.
B) discerning.
C) scheduling.
D) locating.
40
As indicated by figure 1, what percent of senior managers
are most trusting of job applicants?
A) 7 percent
B) 8 percent
C) 36 percent
D) 48 percent
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41
Which sentence best describes an important difference
between the two surveys on which the figures are based?
A) The first survey poses a question that is speculative in
nature, while the second poses a specific, factual question.
B) The first survey asks about dishonesty among managers,
while the second asks about dishonesty among workers.
C) The first survey samples senior managers only, while
the second samples a broad cross
section of managers.
D) The first survey supports the idea that job applicants
are generally trustworthy, while the second supports the
idea that job applicants will try to engage in deception.
42
It can be inferred that the senior manager who “was
sceptical and suspicious” (line 23) would likely fall into which
section of figure 1?
A) “don’t know” or “very often”
B) “never” or “not very often”
C) “somewhat often” or “not very often”
D) “very often” or “somewhat often”
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