Questions 1-10 Complete the table below. Write one word and / or a number

24 
……………
than people who are 
telling the truth. However, each 
25
……………
of their story 
seems to be in order, because they have carefully planned 
what they want to say. And contrary to what many people 
believe, liars often remain 
26
……………
as they lie, perhaps in 
the belief that they will come across as more confident than 
they really are. 
List of researchers 
A
Karen Goodger 
B
Kang Lee 
C
Tali Sharot 
Exam
Practice
Test
4
22
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READING PASSAGE-3 
You should spend about 20 minutes on 
Questions 27-40,
 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below. 
Review: 
The Hidden Life of Trees 
by Peter Wohlleben 
That so many copies of Peter Wohlleben’s book 
The Hidden Life of Trees 
have been 
sold is no surprise. Life in the urban jungle can be overwhelming, and many of us 
long to escape by seeing more natural environments. We hope an encounter with 
nature might make us feel more ‘alive’. Would we use this same term to describe 
nature itself, though? Forests and the trees that form them are commonly 
perceived as objects lacking awareness, like rocks or stones. But here, Wohlleben 
would beg to differ. From his observations, he has concluded that they are 
conscious in a way we do not fully understand. 
In recent decades, a number of writers have investigated our planet’s flora. 
The 
Cabaret of Plants 
by Richard Mabey and 
What a Planet Knows 
by Daniel 
Chamovitz, for example, have done much to reformulate our views about the 
green world. Central to many of these books is a serious message about 
sustainability, and 
The Hidden Life Trees 
is no exception. What sets it apart is its 
approach to description: at the start Wohlleben announces that ‘ When you know 
the trees … have memories and that tree parents live together with their children, 
then you can no longer just chop them down.’ Not everyone will be comfortable 
with this kind of anthropomorphism. 
Nevertheless, Wohlleben’s experience of working in a beech forest in the Eifel 
mountains of Germany may put him in a better position than many to write a book 
about trees. In the introduction, he explains that he started out as a state-
employed forester, taking care of trees purely for industrial reasons. The 
straighter they were, the more high-quality logs could be sawn. But after a while 
he began to appreciate trees for more than just their commercial worth. He gives 
some of the credit for this realisation to the tourists that would come to the forest, 
who were more enchanted by bent, crooked, which did not conform to the straight 
ideal. 
An anectode that stands out is Wohlleben’s encounter with ‘the gnarled remains of 
an enormous tree stump’ in the Eifel forest. More than anything else, it was this 
encounter that prompted him to look further into the hidden behaviour of trees. 
To his surprise, after scraping at the outside layer of bark covering the stump, he 
discovered a green layer underneath. This was chlorophyll, the pigment normally 
produced by living trees. Wohlleben realised that the only way the stump could 
still be alive was if the surrounding beeches were providing it with a sugar 
solution through their own roots. 
Wohlleben is not the first person to claim that trees are cooperative. In the 1990s, 
Dr Suzanne Simard realised that fir and birch trees were supplying each other 
with carbon. Simard’s findings made complete sense to Wohlleben, who believes 
that this kind of nutrient exchange between neighbours is typical of a healthy
forest. Wohlleben also had the opportunity to deepen his understanding of tree 
biology when researchers from Aachen University set up investigative 
programmes in his beech forest. Discussions with them reinforced his beliefs 
about the way trees thrived, and Wohlleben eventually found himself strongly 
opposed to some traditional forestry practices. He finally succeeded in persuading 
local villagers that the forest should be allowed to return to a natural state: this 
involved banning the use of machinery for logging, and giving up on pesticides for 
a start. Since then, Wohllebenhas been noting how his beech forest has developed, 
and his observations formed the foundation for the book. Humour and 
straightforward narrative make it instantly appealing to readers without a science 
background – elements that have successfully been translated into over a dozen 
languages. Those that 
do
have scientific training, however, will be more 
demanding. Critics of Wohlleben point out that proper academic studies need to 
be done to prove all his claims are factually accurate. This seems a fair point. What 
the book will certainly do is transform nature lovers’ experiences of a forest work. 
Once you know what is happening below ground, you can’t help but marvel at the 
complex life of trees. Will it transform the way we produce timber for the 
manufacturing industry? As large corporations tend to focus on immediate profits, 
they are hardly likely to adopt the longer-term practices that Wohlleben 
recommends. 
One of these is allowing trees to grow nearer to each other. This is the opposite of 
what happens in many state-owned forests, where foresters deliberately space 
out trees so they can get more sunlight and grow faster. But Wohlleben claims this 
spacing prevents vital root interaction, and so lowers resistance to drought. Older, 
established trees, he explains, draw up moisture through their deep roots and 
provide this to juvenile trees is also given attention. For instance, when pines 
require more nitrogen, the fungi growing at their base release a poison into the 
soil. This poison kills many minute organisms, which release nitrogen as they die, 
and this is absorbed by the trees’ roots. In return, the fungi receive 
photosynthesised sugar from pines. Then Wohlleben explores the way trees 
employ scent, giving the example of acacia trees in sub-Saharan Africa. When 
giraffes begin feeding on an acacia’s leaves, the tree emits ethylene gas as a 
warning to neighbouring acacias. These they pump tannins into their leaves – 
substances toxic to giraffes. More controversial is Wohlleben’s suggestion that 
trees feel pain. Although scientific research has now established that if branches 
are broken off or the trunk is hit with an axe, a tree will emit electrical signals 
from the site of the wound, the application of the concept of ‘pain’ might be an 
instance where readers are unconvinced
.