16
Introduction
monogatari
(The Tale of the Heike), has even been translated into English
multiple times and is the subject of much scholarly work.
41
The appeal
and value of thinking about the war tale as a new way of conceptualizing
and legitimating the experience of war is undeniable. But the identifica-
tion of medieval narrative prose with “war tales” has resulted in the rela-
tive neglect of full-length narrative texts (such as those that make up the
Mirror
genre) that undermine the court-to-warrior trajectory.
Under this traditional schema, Japan’s historiographic
Mirrors
fall
into two categories, rather than the single genre this book proposes. The
Heian
Mirrors
and the neoclassical
Clear Mirror
belong to the “histori-
cal tale.”
42
The late-Kamakura-period warrior-centered
Mirror of the East
could be categorized as a “war tale,” although it has more traditionally
been set aside by scholars of literature and literary history as a historical
work. And both the mid-Kamakura China-focused
China Mirror
and
Muromachi-period
Mirror of the Gods
slip between the cracks.
Today, much of the field of Japanese studies recognizes the assump-
tions underlying this taxonomy as outmoded. Nevertheless, they continue
to shape the way in which certain texts are read or not read, as can be
seen in how the
Mirrors
are regarded or dismissed.
43
In scholarship of the
mid- to late twentieth century, in both Japanese and Western languages,
the primary result has been that those historiographic
Mirrors
that hew
to standards similar to Haga’s are the
Mirrors
that have been studied.
44
gunkimono
) as the Japanese term most commonly used today to refer to the texts at is-
sue. For the description of the “era,”
see Friday,
The First Samurai
, 10–11.
41. On the anachronistic appreciation of the
Heike
and the rise of “war literature”
more broadly, see Bialock, “Nation and Epic.”
42. Indeed, Haga says as much (see Fukuda, “Rekishi monogatari no han’i to kei-
retsu [jō],” 25–26.) For an early example of scholarship that also groups the
Mirrors
along these lines, see Onoue, “Kaidai.”
43. As Komine Kazuaki has pointed out to me (personal
communication, Au-
gus
t
2012), even the newer 1997
Rekishi monogatari kōza
(Short Studies on Historical
Tales) series replicates this category. The first volume is an introduction, and the final
one is on “The Age and Culture.” The other five volumes are ordered chronologically,
with one per each of the following:
Tale of Flowering Fortunes
,
The Great Mirror
,
The
New Mirror
,
The Water Mirror
, and
The Clear Mirror
. This is not
atypical for the major
Japanese series of classical literature.
44. See, for instance, Atsuta, “Rekishi toshite no kagamimono.” While engaging
with the idea of a “traditional Japanese historical consciousness” in this study, Atsuta
discusses the problems with the “tales or history” categorization with regards to the