Introduction
23
This book traces the four paths created by the abovementioned in-
tertwined concerns across five chapters and an epilogue. The first path
follows the imagined geography of the settings for the
Mirrors
to reveal
an intimate connection between ideas of place and authority. Japanese
scholars have long acknowledged that the setting plays an important role
in the Heian
Mirrors
. Writing on
The Great Mirror
in 1990, Mori Ma-
sato emphasizes the importance of its narrative site by first bringing up
the “tale’s setting” in his introduction to
The Great Mirror
and then sug-
gesting the following inversion as more appropriate given the significance
of place: thinking of it as a “setting tale.” He further points out the im-
mense influence that this idea of setting has had on both later
Mirrors
and literature more broadly.
58
When read across multiple
Mirrors
, an emphasis on setting sheds light
on what types of sites or institutions are used to metaphorically ground
the narrative (see fig. I.2). Moving from the earliest
Mirror
, set at Urin’in
Temple, the narrative settings gradually
spiral out from the capital,
Kyoto, in an apparent parallel to the destabilization of court authority
and the emergence of a major nonimperial center of power in the East.
Completing the journey, the penultimate
Mirror
once again unfolds at a
temple in the capital, just as the
bakufu
itself has relocated there. This is
not merely a matter of geographical variation; the temples and shrines at
which the
Mirrors
and their imitators unfold represent the interests of dif-
ferent agents. The correlations between a given
Mirror
’s narrative per-
spective and the changing configurations of real-world powers invite the
reader to think about both physical and institutionally imagined geogra-
phies and their significance to medieval ideas of authority as grounded
in “place.”
The second path addresses the development of the cosmological
principles that govern historical trajectories. Although
dōri
(principle) is
now most famously associated with the monk Jien’s treatise
Gukanshō
(My
Humble Thoughts, circa 1219), Ishikawa T
ō
ru has located a concept of
history shaped by principles already present in
The Great Mirror
and even
casts this earlier work as a
dōri monogatari
(principle tale).
59
Other scholars,
58. Mori, “Ōkagami ni okeru ‘monogatari no ba,’” 15.
59. Ishikawa,
Ōkagami
, 386. I borrow the translation of the title of the
Gukanshō
from Bialock.
Introduction
25
while not going so far as to explicitly identify a “principle” in
The Great
Mirror
, have nonetheless insisted on a worldview in it that subscribes to a
greater logic.
60
The earliest
Mirrors
advocate a notion of history as driven by karmic
causation. This is not a new notion in eleventh-century Japan, and how it
works is accessibly explained by the monk Ky
ō
kai (or Keikai, dates un-
known) in Japan’s oldest surviving collection of Buddhist
setsuwa
(exhor-
tative tales), the
Nihon ryōiki
(Record of Miraculous Events of Japan, circa
822): “That which withers not is the seed of evil. That which is invisible is the
root of good. Yet the speed with which recompense for evil comes is like
water reflecting as a mirror: once you look into it, the reflection appears.
The swiftness with which the reward for good arrives
is like a valley echo-
ing a call. Once you yell out, there is inevitably a response. Retribution in
this age is exactly like this.”
61
To paraphrase Ky
ō
kai, historical events are a
case of reaping what one sows. While evil may temporarily lie hidden, it will
invariably result in payback. One may not see or understand the origins of
favorable karmic recompense, but they necessarily exist, because karma
governs all events. And much like Ky
ō
kai’s work, the early
Mirrors
seem to be
primarily concerned with demonstrating that there is indeed an underlying
cause-and-effect logic to the progression of the events they recount.
However, with the increasingly serious unrest that eventually culmi-
nates in the Genpei War, the
Mirror
narrators become ever more preoc-
cupied with the question of the specific fate of the world. And the histories
they relate grow to articulate more clearly—if not consistently—the impli-
cations of living in the final age of the dharma, the last stage in “a three
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