American Journal of Engineering Research (AJER) 2022 w w w . a j e r . o r g
w w w . a j e r . o r g
Page 135
2. Radio modules. These modulate and demodulate all signals being transmitted or received on the air
interface;
3. Digital modules. They process all signals transmitted and received on the air interface which interface with
the core network over a high
‐ speed backhaul connection [3].
This means that the eNode
‐ B is responsible for air interface as well as the following outlined below:
Air interface resources and user management is scheduled efficiently;
QoS management, such as; enabling latency and minimum bandwidth requirements for real‐ time
bearers and maximum throughput for background applications based on user profile;
Load is balanced between various simultaneous radio bearers to different users;
Mobility management;
Interference management, which means, minimizing the effect of its downlink transmissions on
surrounding base stations in cell
‐ edge scenarios [2].
The physical routing of the S1 and the X2 interface is depicted below in fig. 3 [2].
Fig. 3 Physical Routing of the S1 and the X2 Interface
The SI interface is the interface between the core network and the base station. Similar to the S1
interface, the X2 interface is self-reliant, while IP is used on layer 3. The X2 interface connects base stations
directly with each other [6]. The network node tasked with signaling exchanges between the base stations and
the core network between users is the Mobility Management Entity (MME). The MME is responsible for
authentication, establishment of bearers, NAS mobility management, handover support, interworking with other
radio networks, SMS and voice support [4].
The S
‐ GW handles management of user data tunnels between the eNode‐ Bs in the radio network
and the Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN
‐ GW), which is the gateway router to the Internet. Single user S1
and S5 tunnels are not dependent on one another and can be changed [3]. The PDN
‐ GW equally assigns IP
addresses to mobile devices. The HLR and the HSS are joined to ensure seamless roaming between the various
radio access networks [2]. There are some very essential user parameters in the HSS and they are:
● The user’s International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI), which uniquely identifies a subscriber.
● Authentication information which is used to authenticate the subscriber and generate encryption keys on a
session basis;
● Circuit‐ switched service properties, such as; the user’s telephone number, referred to as the Mobile
Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network (MSISDN) number.
A copy of the IMSI is stored on the subscriber identity module (SIM) card of the subscriber;
● Packet‐ switched service properties such as the Access Point Names (APNs) the subscriber is allowed to
use.
● IMS‐ specific information
● the ID of the current serving MSC so that incoming circuit‐ switched calls and SMS messages can be routed
correctly;
● The ID of the SGSN or MME, is used in the event that the user’s HSS profile is updated, so as to move the
changes to the network elements.
The basic architecture of LTE contains a separate IP connectivity layer for all the IP based services and
evolved packet system (EPS) which handles the overall communication procedure.