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Somewhat more than half of all transactions are spot
deals. In other words, they are transactions which call for the
delivery of the two currencies exchanged within two business
days. The remainder of the deals can be classified as outright
forwards, swaps, futures and options.
Such transactions are performed by customers who do not
know when they will need foreign currency to overcome the
growing exposure to currency risks in the conditions of foreign
exchange rate volatility.
The cost of transacting in thewholesale market is
reflectedin the bid-ask (or bid-offer) spread .Prices in the
market depend on the volume of transactions ,exchange rate
volatility ,the availability of relevant information and the
strength of competition in the market.
As prices are different in different markets, Professional
dealers take advantage of it buying, say, US dollars for Yen in
Singapore and selling them in London for sterling and then
back into Yen in New York – all for a profit. The operation is
called currency arbitrage.
The delivery of the individual currencies involved in a
foreign exchange transaction typically takes place through the
payment systems of the two countries whose currencies are
traded.
The reliance on the domestic currency payment system of
individual countries for the clearing and settlement of foreign
exchange transactions means that the stability and integrity of
the global foreign exchange market depends on both the
soundness of the individual counterparties and the robustness of
national payment systems.
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