the way of pronounciation
timbre
the place of pronounciation
The way of pronounciation describes how free the air flow is in pronouncing the consonant. The
consonants having free air flow are called
resonants and those which don’t have free flow are called
obstruents.
Resonants can be further divided into:
semi-vowel (aka
glides). These are like vowels but the tongue or the lips form a narrower pas-
sage than in the pronounciation of vowels. In finnish, [j] (
yes
) and [v] (
via
), and in English,
[w] (
water
), are semi-vowels.
nasals. The air flows through the nose only. In finnish [n], [m], [ng] (
doing
).
liquid consonants. The air flows from the mouth in a different manner than in vowels. This
class is further divided into
laterals where the air flows over the edges of the tongue ([l]) and
tremulants where the air flow is discontinous ([r]).
The grouping of obstruents can also be refined:
stops (aka
plosives). In these obstruents the air flow is fully closed. In Finnish [p], [t], [k]. Also
[b] (
bank
), [d] (
duck
), [g] (
gate
) can be considered as phonemes in Finnish although not
everyone is using them; by the way, these are the voiced versions of [p] (
aparatus
), [t] (
it
),
[k] (
tackle
).
fricatives. The air flow is partially suppressed: [s] (
sip
), [h] (
hit
), and [f] (
fit
).
In addition, in Finnish all phonemes excluding [d], [g] and [f] can be doubled, for instance words
muta
(mud),
mutta
(but),
muuta
(else),
mutaa
(of mud) ja
muuttaa
(change,move) are all dif-
ferent words. The [ng]-phoneme is always long unless the following phoneme is a consonant (
kenkä
(shoe)). Moreover, [v] and [h] are seldom long except in “end-doublings” (
homevvaurio
).
In conclusion, the classification of phonemes in Finnish according to the way of pronunciation is
as follows (long phonemes excluded):
vowels: [a],[e],[i],[o],[u],[y],[ä],[ö]
consonants
Dostları ilə paylaş: