Joint Articulation
Although we hear phonemes as discrete objects, the successive phonemes are actually merging into
each other. This is due to the relatively slow change in the posture of the speech organs, during which
the waveform is smoothly changing its form. Moreover, it is rather common that when the phoneme
has been pronounced ’clearly enough’ (in order to the listener to understand), the organs start moving
into the posture demanded by the next phoneme. The allophone used in a particular utterance usually
depends on the surrounding phonemes, especially on the next phoneme.
22
Prosody
Prosody stands for the ’long-term’ properties of speech, which contain mainly quantity, weight and
intonation. Instead of a phoneme, the smallest unit in prosody is usually a syllable. There is no uni-
versal definition for syllable, but it can be defined in one language at a time. In Finnish language the
main-rule is that the border of the syllable is located in front of every CV (consonant, vowel) group.
(e.g. pu-heen-kä-sit-te-ly). Acoustically, the syllable borders can be roughly set in the positions whe-
re the acoustic wave has minima in power. In linguistics, a syllable is often a more useful unit than
single phonemes.
Quantity means the length of the speech sounds. In some languages (e.g. Spanish) the lenght does
not change the meaning of words. Meanwhile, in Finnish, the quantity is a distinguishing feature both
in vowels (
muta
,
muuta
) and in consonants (
muta
,
mutta
). The quantity of a sound depends on
several factors, such as ’the natural length’ of the sound, the properties of the surrounding sounds, the
position of the sound in the syllable and the weight of the sound.
The weight, as it says, means the weighting of some phoneme, usually using more power or
altering the pitch. Thus, the weight is in practice created by altering the air pressure in the lungs and
by adjusting the tension of the vocal folds. The term ’weigth’ may refer to either syllable weight or to
word weight, although in Finnish the syllable weight is always on the first syllable.
Intonation refers to the changes of pitch during a longer period of time, for instance during a
sentence. Pitch can alter the meanings of words in some languages (e.g. Chinese) but it is also applied
to express punctuations in other languages, too. In English the pitch raises towards the end of an
interrogative clause, whereas in Finnish the pitch in an interrogative clause is constantly somewhat
higher than in declarative sentences. Intonation is mainly implemented by controlling the tension of
the vocal folds.
23
Dostları ilə paylaş: |