Economic Gains from South-South Trade in AFTA
AFTA has been in place for thirteen years and has failed to produce sig-
nificant levels of intra-regional trade (Baldwin 2006, 4). Any gains that
have occurred have been momentary and have been offset by periods of
declining trade flows (The Economist 2004, 35). Between 1995 and 2001,
intra-AFTA merchandise exports declined from 25.4 percent to 23.3 percent
of total exports (Hafez 2004, 208). The protracted flows of intra-regional
trade can be attributed to AFTA’s high administrative costs and tariffs.
AFTA’s administrative costs derive from several inefficiencies. The trade
agreement continues to have costly rules of origin (ROOs), which can be
considered disproportionately high in comparison to the gap between
preferential Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) and MFN tariffs
rates (Tumbarello 2006, 12). In addition, procedural red tape, inconsistent
product standards between countries and non-tariff barriers (e.g. stringent
quality and performance standards and complex inspections procedures)
have all limited intra-regional trade to less than 35 percent of total foreign
trade (Nesadurai 2003, 71).
AFTA’s low levels of intra-regional trade also result from tariffs in key
sectors. These tariffs are the result of member-states’ lackluster commit-
ment to the agreement’s common tariff structure. The CEPT is continually
abused in prominent sectors because individual member-states can develop
their own product category lists for preferential treatment (Tan 2004,
941). For instance, Malaysia did not comply with AFTA on automobile
tariffs until 2006. Although Malaysia has finally cut auto import tariffs to
5 percent, it imposed another barrier to trade by forcing car manufacturers
to register for government approval (Theparat 2006). This demonstrates
the reluctance of AFTA member-states to further trade liberalization within
their South-South RTA.
One should also note that much of the tariff reduction that has oc-
curred in ASEAN has not been the result of AFTA. The CEPT, an indi-
cator of tariff rates within the region, has not been substantially reduced
when compared with the MFN rate established at the multilateral level.
In the mid-1990s, only 1.5 percent of intra-ASEAN trade utilized CEPT
rules of origin certification (Nesadurai 2003, 68). During this period
of liberalization, domestic manufacturers had little incentive to apply
for concessions under CEPT because the MFN rate was comparable to
AFTA’s preferential tariff rate (Nesadurai 2003, 68). By 2001, there was
still a lack of reliance on the CEPT. Eighty-three percent of tariff lines in
Indonesia were based upon MFN rates (Nesadurai 2003, 69). Sixty-three
percent of tariff lines in the Philippines and 69 percent of Malaysian tariff
238
Steven Buchta
lines followed MFN rates (Nesadurai 2003, 69). These data demonstrate
ASEAN’s reliance on tariffs established at the multilateral level of trade
regulation. It is therefore questionable whether permitting South-South
RTAs under the Enabling Clause truly fosters an ASEAN free trade area.
AFTA maintains substantial barriers to trade and relies heavily on MFN
rates to liberalize its trade in goods.
Those defending AFTA’s poor intra-regional trade creation could argue
that the region has, at the very least, formed a cohesive trading bloc ca-
pable of increasing exports. Although this may eventually occur, achieving
higher foreign exports is not part of the short-term or mid-term economic
rationale behind creating RTAs (Hafez 2004, 209). Moreover, from 1995
to 2001 the implementation of AFTA did not increase the region’s world
merchandise exports (Hafez 2004, 209). Therefore, global trade creation
under AFTA is not an excuse for its inability to generate trade between
member-states.
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